Question 1

Nine-month-old Baby Luke and ten-month-old Baby Simone are sitting in the play area together at the day care center.They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each other.This behavior is called

Accepted Answer

The behavior described in the scenario is an example of infant sociability, which refers to the innate social tendencies that infants display, such as smiling at and interacting with others. Modeling involves imitating the behavior of others, reciprocal socialization involves mutual influence between child and caregiver, and the mutual regulation model describes how infants and caregivers coordinate their behavior and emotions in order to maintain a positive social interaction.

Question 2

What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior,but also whenever that child simply observes others around him/her who are carrying out the same behavior?

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are a type of neuron that fires both when an individual performs a specific action and when they observe someone else carrying out the same action. They are located in several areas of the brain, including the premotor cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal sulcus. Therefore, the correct answer is D) mirror neurons.

Question 3

When a child experiences pleasure with a person,or experiences comfort from that person when in distress,it is said that the child has

Accepted Answer

Forming an attachment is when a child develops an emotional bond with a specific person, usually a caregiver or parent, by experiencing positive interactions such as pleasure or comfort. This attachment can impact future relationships and emotional well-being. Making a friend or finding a parental figure may be aspects of forming an attachment, but they are not comprehensive definitions. Learning not to be lonely may be a byproduct of forming an attachment, but it is not the main concept.

Question 4

What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?

Accepted Answer

Children who are securely attached to their mothers typically have caregivers who are sensitive to their needs, aware of their moods, able to discriminate their signals, and responsive, warm, and affectionate. These children may still show distress when separated from their mothers, but are able to quickly calm down upon reunion and seek comfort from their mothers in times of stress. The other answer choices do not accurately reflect the hallmark of secure attachment.

Question 5

Alex is playing in a room where his mother is sitting nearby.Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and hardly leaves his mother's side.Later,when his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment,Alex begins to wail and cry.However,when his mother returns,he runs up to her,and instead of giving her a hug/kiss,he begins to punch her in the arm.This would be a description of what type of attachment pattern?

Accepted Answer

This behavior is indicative of an ambivalent attachment pattern, where children may become very distressed when a parent leaves but behave in an angry or resistant manner when the parent returns. This pattern shows a mix of seeking and resisting closeness and comfort from the caregiver.

Question 6

Two-year-old Baby Duane and his older brother are eating lunch,and both boys are given cookies for dessert.Duane's older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying,so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother.Duane has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate

Accepted Answer

Duane's offer to share his cookie with his brother demonstrates his ability to consider and understand his brother's feelings, which is an example of empathy. Trust, self-awareness, and kindness are not directly demonstrated in this scenario.

Question 7

What is the term that refers to a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother and,after the mother has left,seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are indifferent to her behavior?

Accepted Answer

The description matches the characteristics of the avoidant attachment pattern.

Question 8

Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent,contradictory,and confused behavior,such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her.

Accepted Answer

The disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern is characterized by inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, which may include approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her. The ambivalent attachment pattern involves clingy and anxious behavior, while the avoidant attachment pattern involves avoiding interaction with the mother. The secure attachment pattern involves a healthy balance of seeking comfort from the mother and exploring the environment.

Question 9

What is the term for an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person?

Accepted Answer

The term for an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person is empathy. Caring and pity may involve some level of understanding or concern for the other person's feelings, but empathy specifically refers to feeling the same emotions as the person. Emotion is a general term for any feeling or mental state.

Question 10

What research could a developmental psychologist rely on when explaining to parents infant interaction and adult attention to children's faces?

Accepted Answer

Brain scanning techniques have found that the facial features of infants activate a specialized structure in the brain called the "fusiform gyrus" within an interaction. This research can support a developmental psychologist's explanation of adult attention to children's faces as a natural response to the activation of this specialized brain structure.

Question 11

When applying the Strange Situation,which child is most likely to demonstrate the appearance of being less securely attached to his/her mother?

Accepted Answer

Research studies have found that children from Japan are more likely to appear less securely attached to their mothers when assessed through the Strange Situation. This is primarily due to the cultural difference in parenting practices and values in Japan, where interdependence and emotional restraint are emphasized over individualism and emotional expressiveness. Therefore, Japanese mothers tend to be less responsive to their children's emotional needs, leading to a higher likelihood of insecure attachment in their children.

Question 12

When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present,but the child gets upset when she leaves,and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns,this is called the

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question matches the characteristics of a secure attachment pattern, which is when the child uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment, gets upset when the caregiver leaves, and seeks comfort from the caregiver upon their return. The other options mentioned (Bowlby safety and security pattern, Ainsworth safety and security pattern, and strange situation pattern) are not commonly used terms in attachment theory.

Question 13

Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show great distress when the mother leaves,but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

Accepted Answer

The ambivalent attachment pattern is characterized by children showing strong emotional reactions to their caregivers' presence and absence. They may become very distressed when the caregiver leaves and show ambivalence upon the caregiver's return, seeking closeness but also resisting it through behaviors like hitting or kicking. This pattern reflects a mix of positive and negative responses to the caregiver's comings and goings.

Question 14

The experiment involving newborn goslings,which have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched,was developed by what developmental researcher?

Accepted Answer

The experiment involving newborn goslings and their innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched was developed by Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist and developmental researcher. Lorenz called this phenomenon "imprinting."

Question 15

A child who does not seek proximity to the mother,and,after she leaves the room,the child who does not look distressed is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

The avoidant attachment pattern is characterized by a child's lack of seeking proximity to the mother and not appearing distressed when the mother leaves the room. This behavior reflects an avoidance of attachment figures and is one of the patterns identified in Ainsworth's attachment theory research.

Question 16

What percentage of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent classification?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 10-15% of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent attachment classification, according to research based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation.

Question 17

What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between child and (typically)his/her mother?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between a child and their mother is known as the Ainsworth Strange Situation. The Ainsworth Strange Situation is a widely used laboratory procedure that evaluates infants' attachment styles.

Question 18

When applying the Strange Situation,which child is most likely to demonstrate avoidant attachment?

Accepted Answer

Children from Germany are more likely to demonstrate avoidant attachment in the Strange Situation, a pattern observed in various cross-cultural studies. This attachment style is characterized by a tendency to avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. Cultural practices in Germany, which historically have emphasized independence and self-reliance from an early age, may contribute to a higher prevalence of avoidant attachment styles among German children compared to those from other cultures.

Question 19

What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

Accepted Answer

Attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual, typically a caregiver or parent. This bond is critical for healthy development and influences the child's future relationships and social interactions. While parents and caregivers may foster attachment, it is ultimately the child's experience and perception of that relationship that determines its strength and quality.

Question 20

When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant,and the caregiver and the child's emotional states match,this is called

Accepted Answer

Interactional synchrony refers to the coordination of emotional states and behaviors between a caregiver and a child during interactions. It involves the caregiver responding promptly and appropriately to the child's cues, resulting in a match of emotional states between them. This helps establish secure attachment between the two.

Quiz 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy