Question 1

Which of the following factors is linked most directly to osteoporosis in women?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen and progesterone play a crucial role in maintaining bone density in women. As women age and the production of these hormones decreases, their risk of developing osteoporosis increases.

Question 2

Which item is out of place in this list?

Accepted Answer

The other options are all cardiovascular diseases or conditions, while primary aging refers to the typical and inevitable physical and cognitive changes that occur in the human body as time passes.

Question 3

Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for osteoporosis, as lack of weight-bearing exercise can lead to bone loss. A high-calcium diet and late onset of menopause can actually be protective against osteoporosis, while obesity can also have negative health effects but is not directly linked to osteoporosis.

Question 4

Alexander, age 55, believes there is something wrong with the telephone because he is experiencing difficulty hearing his 3-year-old granddaughter's voice when she calls. Alexander should be examined for

Accepted Answer

Alexander is experiencing difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds, such as his granddaughter's voice. This is a common symptom of presbycusis, which is age-related hearing loss. Therefore, Alexander should be examined for presbycusis.

Question 5

Maria has always had excellent vision, but after her forty-fifth birthday she found herself unable to read the morning newspaper at her habitual focal distance. Maria should be checked for

Accepted Answer

The loss of near vision after the age of 40 is consistent with presbyopia, which is the natural hardening of the lens that occurs as we age. Nearsightedness and glaucoma are conditions that can affect vision at any age, and presbycusis refers to age-related hearing loss, which is not related to Maria's difficulty with reading.

Question 6

What condition results when deposits of plaque cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis is a condition where deposits of plaque build up on the inner walls of arteries, causing them to narrow or become blocked, which can lead to various health problems. Pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in the lung artery, not caused by plaque deposits. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, not related to plaque build-up. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease, not related to plaque build-up in arteries.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a physical effect that is attributed to the reduction in estrogen during the phases of menopause?

Accepted Answer

During menopause, estrogen levels decrease and the ovaries stop producing eggs. Therefore, multiple ova are not produced during the menstrual cycle. The other options (A, C, and D) are physical effects attributed to the reduction in estrogen during menopause.

Question 8

Osteoporosis could best be described as

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass and density that is accelerated with age. It can affect both men and women and is not limited to menopausal women. While hormone replacement therapy can be a risk factor for osteoporosis, it is not a secondary aging bone condition. While osteoporosis can be difficult to treat, it is not uncontrollable, inevitable, or irreversible.

Question 9

In middle age, what are the two leading causes of death?

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the two leading causes of death in middle age (age 45-64) are heart disease and cancer. While unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle accidents, are a leading cause of death overall in the United States, they fall to third place in this age group. Strokes are also a leading cause of death, but they are included in the broader category of heart disease.

Question 10

The general pattern of presbycusis is that loss accelerates after age

Accepted Answer

50.

Question 11

Which of the following factors/treatments is known to decrease bone loss to premenopausal levels?

Accepted Answer

use of hormone replacement therapy

Question 12

Which of the following physical or psychological effects is NOT associated with the use of hormone replacement therapy?

Accepted Answer

Hormone replacement therapy is not associated with reduced sex drive; in fact, it may improve sexual function in some women. The other options are all potential benefits of hormone replacement therapy.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Men can also be affected by osteoporosis, although it is more common in women.

Question 14

What are the two age-related changes in the eyes that are collectively known as presbyopia?

Accepted Answer

Presbyopia is caused by two age-related changes in the eyes: thickening and loss of flexibility of the eye lens. This results in difficulty seeing objects at a close range, as the lens is unable to adjust its shape to focus on nearby objects. Clouding of the retina and yellowing of the eye lens are separate age-related changes that can occur but are not collectively known as presbyopia.

Question 15

Martha notices her father Rick, age 50, holding his newspaper further and further away to get a clear image. Martha's father is likely experiencing

Accepted Answer

Presbyopia is a type of age-related farsightedness that occurs when the eyes' lenses lose flexibility, making it harder to focus on near objects. This is a common condition that often begins around age 40, and symptoms include difficulty reading small print, eye strain or fatigue, and holding objects at arm's length to see them clearly.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an effect or consequence of presbyopia?

Accepted Answer

Increased pressure within the eye and resulting headaches and eye strain are not effects of presbyopia. They may be symptoms of other eye conditions such as glaucoma.

Question 17

What condition results when the auditory nerves and inner-ear structures degenerate, and an individual loses the ability to hear sounds of high and very low frequencies?

Accepted Answer

Presbycusis is a common age-related hearing loss that occurs due to the degeneration of sensory cells in the inner ear and the auditory nerve. It typically affects the ability to hear sounds of high and very low frequencies.

Question 18

Middle-aged adults have higher rates of ________ than young adults.

Accepted Answer

Chronic illnesses tend to increase with age, and middle-aged adults are more likely to have developed chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. Major depression and accidents do not necessarily increase with age, and while acute illnesses may occur more frequently in older adults, they are not specifically higher in middle-aged adults compared to young adults.

Question 19

According to studies, the psychological effects of menopause cannot be attributed to

Accepted Answer

an increased likelihood of major depression.

Question 20

Which of the following individuals is in the postmenopausal phase?

Accepted Answer

The postmenopausal phase is defined as at least 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. Ms. Alvarez has not had a period for a year, indicating that she is in the postmenopausal phase.

Quiz 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood