Question 1

How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Which study design uses more than one test period prior to initiating any treatment and uses a comparison between one subject who receives a treatment and one who does not?
A) single subject design
B) nonequivalent control group design
C) multiple baseline design
D) cross-sectional design

Accepted Answer

The description matches the definition of a multiple baseline design, which involves observing the same behavior across multiple settings and/or time periods before introducing a treatment for only one subject while keeping the others as controls for comparison. This allows for a stronger evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment by ruling out alternative explanations of the observed changes. The other choices do not fit the given description.

Question 3

Discuss differences between longitudinal and cross sectional methods.

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Question 4

What is one drawback of longitudinal studies?
A) They assess changes in subjects over time.
B) The subjects act as their own controls.
C) They can have a high mortality rate.
D) The researcher does not manipulate any variables.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies can involve following participants over a long period of time, which can lead to a high mortality rate, meaning that participants may drop out or pass away before the study is completed. This can limit the sample size and the generalizability of the results.

Question 5

Professor Russel wants to examine the effectiveness of his new reading instruction method for third graders. He locates two third grade classes in the same school. He assesses all students' current reading ability at the start of the school year. He then has one classroom utilize his new instruction method while the other classroom uses the traditional method. At the end of the school year, Professor Russell assesses reading ability once again and compares group differences. The design of this study exemplifies which of the following?
A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design

Accepted Answer

This study is an example of a nonequivalent control group design because it involves comparing the outcomes of two groups (one using a new instruction method and the other using a traditional method) without random assignment to groups. The groups were pre-existing classes, making them inherently nonequivalent.

Question 6

Longitudinal studies examine changes that occur with age; what do cross-sectional studies examine?
A) immediate treatment effects across groups
B) long-term treatment effects
C) age changes
D) age differences

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies examine age differences rather than changes over time. These studies compare different age groups at one point in time to examine differences in behavior, cognition, or other factors.

Question 7

Which quasi-experimental design is the one most often used?
A) pretest posttest control group design
B) multiple baseline design
C) nonequivalent control group design
D) static group comparison design

Accepted Answer

The nonequivalent control group design is most often used because it allows for comparison between groups that are not randomly assigned, making it practical for real-world settings where random assignment is not feasible.

Question 8

Compared to longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies ______________________.
A) are much less expensive
B) have better comparability of groups
C) have higher mortality rates
D) cost the same

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies are generally less expensive than longitudinal studies because they are conducted at a single point in time, avoiding the costs associated with tracking participants over long periods.

Question 9

How can age and the time the measurement took place be confounding?

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Question 10

Which of the following sequences exemplifies the method of a single-subject design?
A) measure behavior prior to treatment, apply treatment, withdraw treatment
B) apply treatment, measure behavior, withdraw treatment
C) apply treatment, withdraw treatment, measure behavior
D) apply treatment with a treatment

Accepted Answer

A single-subject design involves measuring behavior before applying a treatment, applying the treatment, and then withdrawing the treatment to see if there is a change in behavior. This sequence is represented in choice A. Choice B simply measures behavior before and after treatment, but does not include a withdrawal phase. Choice C applies the treatment and then measures behavior, but does not include a withdrawal phase. Choice D is unclear and does not represent a valid sequence for a single-subject design.

Question 11

Dr. Goldstein studied the sleep patterns of five groups of subjects aged 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 to determine if there were any differences in pattern following adolescence. How would this type of study be classified?
A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) multiple baseline
D) historical

Accepted Answer

This study is a cross-sectional study because it compares different age groups at one point in time. Longitudinal studies would follow the same group of subjects over time, multiple baseline studies would involve multiple interventions, and historical studies would look back in time at past events.

Question 12

If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age, but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable?
A) cross-sectional
B) historical
C) follow-up
D) none of the above would be acceptable

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

When are follow-up studies useful?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Which design is presented below? Group 1 Pretest Treatment Posttest
Group 2 Pretest No Treatment Posttest
A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design

Accepted Answer

This design is known as a nonequivalent control group design because it involves two groups: one that receives the treatment and another that does not, with both groups being pretested and posttested. The lack of random assignment to groups makes them "nonequivalent."

Question 15

Give an example of static group comparison in an experiment.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

What is the difference between ABA and ABAB design?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Single subject designs are useful because they
A) allow for an in-depth examination of specific behaviors.
B) are used when the behavior on which the researcher is focusing is not very well defined in operational terms.
C) allow for random assignment of participants into groups.
D) have no threats to internal validity.

Accepted Answer

Single subject designs are particularly useful when a researcher wants to analyze a specific behavior in depth. These designs involve measuring the behavior over time under different conditions, allowing the researcher to observe how the behavior changes in response to different interventions or treatments. It allows for a detailed analysis of individual cases and can offer insight into the mechanisms underlying a behavior. Single subject designs do not involve random assignment of participants into groups (option C) and, like any research design, are subject to threats to internal validity (option D).

Question 18

What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?

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Question 19

What type of research method assesses changes in behavior in one group of subjects at more than one point in time?
A) longitudinal
B) historical
C) cross-sectional
D) qualitative

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research involves observing and measuring changes in behavior of the same group of subjects over a period of time. This is the most appropriate method for assessing changes in behavior over time.

Quiz 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research

How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?

Which study design uses more than one test period prior to initiating any treatment and uses a comparison between one subject who receives a treatment and one who does not?

Discuss differences between longitudinal and cross sectional methods.

What is one drawback of longitudinal studies?

Longitudinal studies examine changes that occur with age; what do cross-sectional studies examine?

Which quasi-experimental design is the one most often used?

Compared to longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies ______________________.

How can age and the time the measurement took place be confounding?

Which of the following sequences exemplifies the method of a single-subject design?

Dr. Goldstein studied the sleep patterns of five groups of subjects aged 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 to determine if there were any differences in pattern following adolescence. How would this type of study be classified?

If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age, but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable?

When are follow-up studies useful?

Which design is presented below? Group 1 Pretest Treatment Posttest Group 2 Pretest No Treatment Posttest

Give an example of static group comparison in an experiment.

What is the difference between ABA and ABAB design?

Single subject designs are useful because they

What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?

What type of research method assesses changes in behavior in one group of subjects at more than one point in time?