Question 1

The neutral stimulus becomes a(n)_______________ in classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus after it is consistently paired with the unconditioned stimulus, which elicits the unconditioned response.

Question 2

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n):

Accepted Answer

Salivation is a natural response to the presence of food (unconditioned stimulus) and therefore, the salivation is an unconditioned response.

Question 3

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to a previously neutral stimulus is a conditioned response, as it occurs after the stimulus has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 4

At first,Pavlov treated the dog's drooling as:

Accepted Answer

Pavlov initially considered the dog's drooling as an annoying secretion that interfered with his research on digestion. It was only later that he recognized its significance in the study of conditioned reflexes.

Question 5

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called:

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists focus on conditioning, which involves learning through the association of different stimuli and responses. This includes classical conditioning (Pavlov's dogs) and operant conditioning (Skinner's rats), both of which can be used to shape and modify behavior. Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert back to their natural behaviors even after being conditioned to perform different responses. Absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect a sensory input, and metacognition refers to the ability to think about one's own thought processes.

Question 6

Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as she starts opening a can of cat food with an electric can opener.In this example,the ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning. In this case, the cat food is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally causes the cat to scurry into the kitchen.

Question 7

According to Pavlov,learning occurs when:

Accepted Answer

According to Pavlov's classical conditioning theory, learning occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually leading to the neutral stimulus alone eliciting the same response as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Which of the following would NOT result in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning requires pairing an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) with a neutral stimulus (NS) to eventually elicit a conditioned response (CR). Choice D does not involve any pairing of stimuli, so it would not result in classical conditioning. Choices A, B, and C all involve pairing a stimulus (triangle, pinprick, or electric shock) with food, so they are more likely to result in classical conditioning.

Question 9

When Danny feeds his fish,he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light.In this example,the ________________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that triggers a response that has been learned through conditioning. In this case, the fish have learned to associate the aquarium light with the presence of food, which causes them to swim to the top. Therefore, the aquarium light is the conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Which school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century, with prominent figures such as B.F. Skinner and John Watson advocating for the idea that behavior can be explained through observable stimuli and responses. This approach emphasized the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior, and it dominated the field of psychology until the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1960s.

Question 11

The Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov was studying:

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs, specifically how they respond to certain stimuli. This formed the basis of his groundbreaking research on classical conditioning.

Question 12

When Pavlov realized that his dogs were salivating to things other than food,he called the phenomenon:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Pavlov realized that his dogs were...

Question 13

Pavlov called the phenomenon that he had stumbled upon a "_______________," but an error in the translation of his writings was made.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov referred to his discovery as a "conditional reflex," which is a type of learned response that is triggered by a specific stimulus. However, the term was mistranslated into English as "conditioned reflex," which is still commonly used today.

Question 14

Before studying conditioning,Ivan Pavlov studied:

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist who studied digestive processes, specifically, the role of saliva in digestion. He initially conducted experiments on dogs to observe their digestive processes and ended up discovering classical conditioning.

Question 15

According to the behaviorists:

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believe that observable events and acts are the most important aspect of psychological research. They focus on studying behavior that can be measured and observed objectively rather than the unconscious or abstract workings of the mind. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Question 16

In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov,what was the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's initial salivary reflex study was food. When the dogs were presented with food, they naturally salivated without any prior conditioning.

Question 17

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called:

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior that is a result of experience. Option A, instinctive drift, refers to the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. Option B, free will, is a philosophical concept and not specific to the definition of behavior change. Option D, determinism, is a philosophical concept that suggests that all events, including human behavior, are ultimately determined by causes external to the individual's will.

Question 18

A behaviorist would agree that:

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes observable behavior and events. It believes that internal mental processes should not be a focus of study, and instead looks at how environmental factors or stimuli shape an individual's behavior. Therefore, a behaviorist would agree that observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.

Question 19

When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The footsteps acted as a/an:

Accepted Answer

The footsteps acted as a conditioned stimulus because they were originally neutral and did not elicit a response from the dogs, but after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), they became associated with the unconditioned response (salivating). The dogs learned to associate the sound of the footsteps with the presentation of the meat powder and would salivate in response to the footsteps alone.

Question 20

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects and they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a/an:

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to the sound of footsteps is not a natural, unconditioned response to the stimulus. Rather, it is a learned response that has been conditioned to occur in association with the sound of the footsteps. Therefore, the correct answer is conditioned response.

Quiz 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

The neutral stimulus becomes a(n) _______________ in classical conditioning.

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n) :

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a(n) :