Question 1

Eloise is living with posttraumatic stress disorder. During her therapy session, her therapist asks her to move her eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. Eloise's therapist is using ________.

Accepted Answer

The technique described is eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), which involves rapid eye movements while thinking of a disturbing memory to reduce the distress associated with the memory. Systematic desensitization, choice B, is a different type of therapy that involves gradual exposure to a feared object or situation while practicing relaxation techniques. Eye-memory therapy and eye therapy, choices C and D, are not recognized therapeutic techniques.

Question 2

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing is primarily used for treatment of ________.

Accepted Answer

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is primarily used for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is not an appropriate treatment for schizophrenia, depression, or bipolar disorder.

Question 3

Juan is so afraid of germs that he wears gloves when opening doors. He is encouraged by his therapist to imitate a person in a video who demonstrates opening a door, step-by-step, without wearing gloves. Which technique is his therapist using?

Accepted Answer

The technique being used by the therapist is participant modeling, which involves demonstrating the desired behavior for the client to imitate. In this case, the therapist is showing Juan how to open a door without wearing gloves, in order to help him overcome his fear of germs. Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the client to the feared stimulus in a controlled setting, while token economy involves reinforcing desired behaviors through rewards. Extinction involves removing reinforcement for a behavior in order to decrease its frequency.

Question 4

________ strengthens a response by following it with the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus."""

Note: A is incorrect because positive reinforcement adds something desirable to strengthen a response. B is incorrect because punishment decreases a behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus. D is incorrect because extinction weakens a behavior by removing the reinforcing stimulus altogether.

Question 5

The use of objects that can be traded for food, candy, treats, or special privileges, with the purpose of reinforcing behavior, is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The use of objects that can be traded for rewards, such as food, candy, or special privileges, is a characteristic feature of a token economy. A token economy is a behavior reinforcement system in which desired behaviors are reinforced using tokens that can be exchanged for tangible rewards. A contingency contract involves an agreement between the therapist and the client (or between two parties) that outlines the conditions for earning a reward. Participant modeling technique involves the therapist modeling a desired behavior for the client. Group extinction procedure is a method of reducing the frequency of unwanted behavior by withholding reinforcement for the behavior in a group setting.

Question 6

Estella is afraid of cats. To help her overcome her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Estella is watching. Her mother encourages her to imitate her behavior. Estella's mother is using ________.

Accepted Answer

Estella's mother is using modeling, which refers to learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Estella is encouraged to imitate her mother's behavior towards cats in an attempt to overcome her fear. Reinforcement involves rewarding desired behavior to increase the likelihood of it being repeated, whereas token economy involves a system of rewards where desired behaviors earn tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or rewards. Extinction refers to reducing the frequency of behavior by removing the reinforcement or reward that had previously been associated with it. None of these concepts apply to Estella's situation as described in the scenario.

Question 7

At Skinner Elementary School, teachers pass out "skinner bucks" to students who turn in papers on time, obey the teacher, and finish their homework. The paper "bucks" can be traded in at the end of the week for special treats or game-playing time on the classroom computer. This system most resembles a ________.

Accepted Answer

The system of distributing "skinner bucks" and allowing students to trade them in for rewards closely resembles a token economy. In a token economy, desirable behavior is reinforced with tokens (such as poker chips or fake currency) that can be exchanged for tangible rewards. This system has been commonly used in classrooms, psychiatric hospitals, and prisons to promote positive behavior.

Question 8

________ is a form of therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while engaged in brief and repeated imaginal flooding.

Accepted Answer

The form of therapy described is eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). It involves rapid eye movements while engaging in imaginal flooding to help desensitize the client to traumatic memories or experiences.

Question 9

Aidan goes to a therapist for help in losing weight. He and his therapist develop a written agreement spelling out weekly step-by-step methods for Aidan to use in order to reach his weight goal. The plan specifies rewards for reaching weekly goals and penalties for not achieving them. Aidan's therapist is using which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

The therapist and Aidan are using a contingency contract, which is an agreement that outlines the specific behaviors to be changed, the rewards for meeting certain goals or objectives, and the penalties for not meeting them. This is a technique commonly used in cognitive-behavioral therapy to help clients modify their behavior.

Question 10

Every time Alice cleans her room properly and makes the bed, she receives a marble. When she accumulates 100 marbles, she can get the new video game she wants. What type of behavioral program are Alice's parents using?

Accepted Answer

Alice's parents are using a token economy, in which Alice receives marbles (tokens) for exhibiting the desired behavior of cleaning her room properly and making the bed. Once she accumulates 100 marbles (tokens), she can exchange them for the new video game she wants. This is a form of positive reinforcement, as the desired behavior is being rewarded with a tangible item.

Question 11

Due to new computer technology that involves having the client wear a headset that can project realistic anxiety-provoking images, therapists can now conduct ________ therapies in their offices.

Accepted Answer

The use of a headset to project anxiety-provoking images suggests exposure therapy, which involves gradual exposure to feared stimuli in a safe environment in order to reduce anxiety. Free association and transference are forms of psychoanalytic therapy, while unconditional positive regard is a concept associated with humanistic therapy.

Question 12

A client at a psychiatric hospital is rewarded for improved grooming habits with coupons he can exchange for special foods or weekend passes. This technique is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The technique described involves using tokens (coupons) as a form of reinforcement or incentive for positive behavior, which is characteristic of a token economy. Modeling involves observing and imitating the behavior of others, negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior, and systematic desensitization is a technique used to reduce anxiety through gradual exposure to feared stimuli. None of these accurately describe the scenario presented.

Question 13

Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Token economy is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning. It involves using a system of rewards (tokens) to reinforce positive behaviors and discourage negative behaviors. This is similar to how rewards are used to shape behavior in animals, and it has been effective in a variety of settings, such as schools and psychiatric hospitals. Systematic desensitization, flooding, and aversion therapy are all based on classical conditioning principles.

Question 14

________ strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves increasing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by adding a pleasurable consequence after the behavior has occurred. This strengthens the response and makes it more likely to occur in the future. Punishment involves decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding an unpleasant consequence after the behavior has occurred. Negative reinforcement involves increasing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by removing an unpleasant consequence after the behavior has occurred. Extinction involves decreasing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by removing any consequence that previously reinforced it.

Question 15

________ has been used successfully in helping children who have a fear of going to the dentist, social withdrawal, social skills deficits, and phobias.

Accepted Answer

Modeling refers to learning by observation and imitation of others' behaviors. It has been used successfully in various therapeutic interventions, including helping children with a fear of going to the dentist, social withdrawal, social skills deficits, and phobias. By observing a model engage in the desired behavior, children can learn new skills and overcome their fears and anxieties. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Transference refers to the unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another, and it is commonly found in traditional psychoanalytic therapy. Voyeurism refers to the practice of gaining sexual pleasure by watching others engage in sexual acts, and it is not relevant to therapeutic interventions. Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, and it is an essential part of many therapeutic approaches but not necessarily central to modeling therapy.

Question 16

What is an advantage of using operant conditioning in treating undesirable behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning focuses on altering behavior through reward or punishment, which can lead to quick results in changing undesirable behaviors.

Question 17

The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus is called ________.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement involves strengthening a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus. Modeling refers to learning by observing others, punishment involves introducing an unpleasant consequence to reduce behavior, and extinction involves reducing a behavior by removing reinforcement for that behavior.

Question 18

Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors, namely by watching his brother receive attention for hitting and biting and then imitating his behavior. Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by using which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

Hiram is learning by modeling his brother's behavior, which is a technique known as modeling. Reinforcement and token economy are positive techniques used to encourage appropriate behavior, while extinction is used to decrease inappropriate behavior by removing the reinforcers that maintain the behavior. However, none of these techniques are being used in this scenario.

Question 19

The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called modeling.

Question 20

The behavior of schizophrenic or depressed individuals living in psychiatric institutions has been successfully modified through the use of ________.

Accepted Answer

The use of token economy is a behavioral technique that has been successful in modifying the behavior of schizophrenic or depressed individuals in psychiatric institutions. This involves providing tokens as rewards for positive behaviors, which can be exchanged for desired items or privileges. This helps to reinforce positive behaviors and reduce negative behaviors, thereby improving the overall behavior of individuals in psychiatric institutions. Reality therapy, negative reinforcement, and systematic desensitization are not typically used to modify behavior in individuals with schizophrenia or depression in a psychiatric setting.

Quiz 15: Psychological Therapies