Question 1

In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world,Pope Pius IX issued an encyclical entitled:

Accepted Answer

The Syllabus of Errors was an encyclical issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 which condemned a list of supposed errors and heresies in the modern world, including free thought, materialism, and rationalism. Its purpose was to reaffirm traditional Catholic teachings and to combat the influence of Enlightenment ideals in society. Therefore, it is the best choice based on the context of the question.

Question 2

The nineteenth-century political theory of liberalism looked to _________ to confirm its tenets.

Accepted Answer

The nineteenth-century political theory of liberalism looked to science to confirm its tenets, as it believed in progress, rationality, and the scientific method as the guiding principles for society. Liberalism also drew heavily from Enlightenment philosophy, but science was seen as the most objective and reliable source of knowledge.

Question 3

In his groundbreaking publication of 1859,Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.That book is entitled:

Accepted Answer

The correct title of Charles Darwin's 1859 publication is "On the Origin of the Species." While "The Descent of Man" is another well-known work by Darwin, it was not published until 1871. The other answer choices are not correct titles of Darwin's publications.

Question 4

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by:

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that mental disorders are caused by a conflict between natural drives (such as sexual or aggressive impulses) and cultural restraints. He referred to this conflict as the "psychic conflict" and argued that it could lead to psychological distress and dysfunction. Freud's theory of psychoanalysis emphasizes the role of unconscious mental processes in shaping behavior and mental health.

Question 5

Social scientists of the late nineteenth century often reached experimental results that undermined the very scientific method they employed,since those results generally showed that human beings were:

Accepted Answer

The results often showed that human beings were irrational, which contradicted the expectation of rationality that the scientific method assumes.

Question 6

Although a few challenges to representational art had occurred earlier,the first significant break emerged in France with the:

Accepted Answer

The impressionists in France were the first to significantly break away from traditional representational art by focusing on light, color, and everyday subjects, paving the way for future modern art movements.

Question 7

France's Third Republic of 1815:

Accepted Answer

The Third Republic of France was established after the fall of the Second Empire following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. It saw the rise of new forms of right-wing politics, including anti-Semitism and nationalism, exemplified by events like the Dreyfus Affair.

Question 8

Russia in the 1880 and 1890s launched a program of industrialization that made it the world's ___________ largest economy by the early twentieth century.

Accepted Answer

By the early twentieth century, Russia's industrialization efforts had made it the world's fifth largest economy.

Question 9

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and:

Accepted Answer

Nietzsche believed that human beings must break free from the constraints of cultural conformity and embrace their own individuality and creativity. He believed that this was necessary in order to achieve a higher level of being, which he called the "superman." The superman would be able to transcend the limitations of ordinary human existence and create a new and better world.

Question 10

The most transformative event in French history in the second part of the nineteenth century was the:

Accepted Answer

The Franco-Prussian War was a defining moment in French history as it resulted in the downfall of the Second Empire and the establishment of the Third Republic. The defeat was a national humiliation for France, and it led to political reforms, social change, and a new era of nationalism. The war also triggered the Paris Commune, another significant event in French history, which further disrupted the political and social order. However, the overall impact of the Franco-Prussian War was far-reaching and transformative, making it the best choice for this question.

Question 11

The second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in literacy in Europe to about:

Accepted Answer

According to historical data, the second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in literacy in Europe to about 50%.

Question 12

Until the Russo-Japanese War,ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their "Little Father" and would do what he could to aid them in their lives.This trust was shaken on January 22,1905,a date afterward referred to as:

Accepted Answer

January 22, 1905, is famously known as "Bloody Sunday" in Russian history. On this day, a peaceful march of workers to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg was met with violence from the tsar's troops, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. The event shattered the trust of ordinary Russians in the tsar and became a significant turning point in the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Question 13

The French painter recognized for his transformation of art into a vehicle for an artist's self-expression was:

Accepted Answer

Paul Cézanne was a French painter who is considered one of the most important artists of the 19th century. He is recognized for his transformation of art into a vehicle for an artist's self-expression.

Question 14

Evolutionary theories had existed from the time of the ancient Greeks,but the first modern theory of evolution was developed by:

Accepted Answer

The first modern theory of evolution was developed by Charles Darwin. While others, such as Jean Lemarck, had proposed evolutionary theories before him, Darwin's work on natural selection and his book "On the Origin of Species" presented a comprehensive, evidence-based theory of evolution that revolutionized the field. Others, such as Alfred Wallace, also contributed to the development of evolutionary theory, but Darwin's work remains central to our understanding of evolution today.

Question 15

Marxism came to Russia in two forms: one based on industrial capitalism known as the Social Democratic Party and the other based on the populist appeal to the peasantry known as the:

Accepted Answer

The Social Democratic Party, or the Bolsheviks as they came to be known, represents the industrialized area of Russia, while the populist appeal to the peasantry is represented by the Social Revolutionary Party. The other choices, Orthodox Socialist Party, Marxist Socialist Union, and Mensheviks, either do not exist or do not accurately represent the two forms of Marxism in Russia.

Question 16

Conditioning,as developed by Ivan Pavlov,became a part of the psychological school of:

Accepted Answer

Conditioning, as developed by Ivan Pavlov, is a fundamental concept of behaviorism, a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the environmental variables that impact it. Option A, analytical realism, is not a recognized psychological school. Option B, reflexology, is associated with the study of reflexes, not behavior. Option D, Cartesian dualism, is a philosophical concept that posits the mind and body as two distinct entities. Option E, conditioned response, is a term that refers to the learned behavior resulting from conditioning.

Question 17

Limited-liability laws of the nineteenth century:

Accepted Answer

Limited-liability laws ensured that stockholders would not be held personally liable for any debts incurred by the corporation beyond the amount they invested, limiting their potential losses to the value of their shares. This provided an incentive for individuals to invest in corporations, ultimately facilitating industrial growth.

Question 18

After the turn of the twentieth century,futurist artists sought out a response to "end-of-century" malaise by looking:

Accepted Answer

Futurist artists sought to embrace the modernity and technology of the machine age and incorporate it into their art. They were looking for new techniques and mediums to express the excitement and energy of the rapidly changing world around them.

Question 19

In the late nineteenth century,in the midst of the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire,a nationalist movement emerged in Turkey under the guidance of a group calling themselves the "Young Turks," who successfully forced the sultan to establish a constitutional government in 1908.In the following year,they deposed the sultan and placed him with his brother:

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is Mohammed V. The Young Turks deposed Sultan Abdulhamid II in 1909 and replaced him with his brother, Mohammed V. This event marked the beginning of a period of political instability in Turkey, which eventually led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 20

As a result of the 1905 revolution,Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto,which:

Accepted Answer

The October Manifesto promised individual liberties and a more liberal franchise for the election of a Duma, but Tsar Nicholas II later undermined these reforms.

Quiz 14: Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870-1914