Question 1

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n)

Accepted Answer

A utilitarian would focus on the outcome that maximizes overall happiness or minimizes harm. In this scenario, the person is making a decision to prevent bankruptcy and save jobs, which aligns with utilitarian principles of achieving the greatest good for the greatest number.

Question 2

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society,not just to other specific people,is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Accepted Answer

The individual who considers his/her duty to society as a whole, rather than just to specific individuals, is in Kohlberg's stage of social system and conscience maintenance. This stage involves a belief in maintaining the social order, following rules and laws, and fulfilling one's duties to uphold society's values and norms.

Question 3

Moral philosophy refers to

Accepted Answer

Moral philosophy is concerned with the principles or rules that individuals use to make decisions about what is right and wrong. This can include ethical theories and principles, as well as the consideration of the impact of one's actions on others. While it has implications for business activities, it is not limited to just this context.

Question 4

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?

Accepted Answer

Deontology is a moral philosophy that is centered around the idea of duty and moral obligation. One of its central principles is that all individuals are entitled to equal respect and dignity, regardless of their social status, economic standing, or any other factor. This principle is based on the belief that each individual possesses inherent worth and should be treated accordingly. Therefore, according to deontology, it is our duty to treat each person as an end in themselves and not merely as a means to our own ends.

Question 5

Enlightened egoism

Accepted Answer

Enlightened egoism is a philosophy that centers on an individual's long-term self-interest but also takes into account the well-being of others. This means that an enlightened egoist considers the consequences of their actions not only for themselves but also for those around them. It is a balanced approach that recognizes the importance of self-care while also being mindful of how one's actions impact others.

Question 6

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity,fairness,and impartiality of the action,with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of...

Question 7

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers,no matter what the cost,may be a(n)because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

Accepted Answer

A deontologist believes in adhering to certain ethical rules and principles, regardless of the consequences or outcomes. In this case, the marketing manager believes in the right of workers to a safe workplace and is therefore making a decision based on the principle of respect for human dignity and safety, rather than on the potential benefits or costs to the company or stakeholders.

Question 8

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of an action based on its consequences for everyone affected, seeking the greatest good for the greatest number. This means that the end justifies the means, and the goal is to maximize overall happiness or well-being for the majority of people involved.

Question 9

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior,rather than its consequences?

Accepted Answer

Deontology is a moral philosophy that focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences. It emphasizes the importance of following moral rules and duties, regardless of their outcomes. This philosophy is often contrasted with utilitarianism, which prioritizes outcomes or consequences over individual rights and intentions.

Question 10

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

Accepted Answer

Rule utilitarianism is based on the idea that actions should be evaluated based on whether they follow rules or principles that promote the greatest overall utility for society. This approach is different from act utilitarianism, which evaluates morality on a case-by-case basis. Rule deontology, act deontology, and egoism are not based on utility as the primary guiding principle.

Question 11

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights?

Accepted Answer

Rule deontology evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of general moral principles, such as the respect for individual rights, rather than the outcomes or consequences of a particular action. This contrasts with act deontology, which evaluates the morality of an action based on whether it follows a set of moral rules or duties, and utilitarianism, which considers the greatest good for the greatest number of people as the standard of morality.

Question 12

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

Accepted Answer

The relativist perspective believes that ethical behavior is subjective and depends on the unique experiences of individuals and groups. It asserts that what is considered as right or wrong is relative to cultural, social, historical, or personal factors.

Question 13

According to Kohlberg's model,as a person progresses through the stages of moral development,and with time,education,and experience,he/she

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's model, individuals may change their values and ethical behaviors as they progress through the stages of moral development, with the help of time, education, and experience. Kohlberg believed that individuals could make progress and develop a more complex understanding of morality over time. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 14

Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

Accepted Answer

The relativist perspective posits that ethical standards are not objective or universal, but rather are dependent on the context and culture in which they are applied. As cultural norms and values change over time, an act that may have been considered ethical in the past could come to be viewed as unethical under this perspective.

Question 15

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

Accepted Answer

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule both fall under deontology, which is a moral philosophy that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, rather than their consequences or utility. Deontology holds that certain actions are always right or always wrong, regardless of the context.

Question 16

is considered the father of free market capitalism.He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

Accepted Answer

Adam Smith is considered the father of free market capitalism and wrote the influential book "The Wealth of Nations" which advocated for the benefits of individual self-interest and competition in the marketplace. He also believed in the guidance of good morals in business. The other choices, while notable figures in their own right, do not have the same association with free market capitalism as Smith.

Question 17

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ believe that no one thing is...

Question 18

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's last stage of cognitive moral development is called Universal ethical principles which refers to the highest level of moral reasoning. At this stage, an individual believes in universal moral principles and values that apply to all individuals equally, regardless of social norms and cultural differences. Kohlberg believed that very few people reach this level of moral development.

Question 19

Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result?

Accepted Answer

Teleology, or consequentialism, holds that the morality of an act is based on the outcome or consequences it produces. If the result is desired or good, then the act is morally right or acceptable. This is in contrast to deontology, which focuses on the inherent morality of the act itself, regardless of its consequences. The other options listed are not moral philosophies that base morality on the consequences of an act.

Question 20

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

Accepted Answer

The individual is following a relativist perspective, where ethics are determined by the cultural or societal context in which they are being applied. The individual in this scenario believes that the action is ethical because others in the same industry are doing it, which is a common argument used by relativists. Utilitarianism, teleology, and deontology all have different criteria for determining ethical actions, which are not reflected in this scenario. Egoism is a perspective in which an individual promotes their own self-interest above all else, which is not explicitly indicated in this scenario.

Quiz 6: Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values