Question 1

Which of the following examples is INCORRECTLY matched with an aspect of emotional experience?

Accepted Answer

Heart racing is a physiological response, not a behavioral response.

Question 2

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, __________.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory posits that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. According to this theory, we experience an emotion after our body reacts to a situation; thus, our behavioral and physiological responses come before and determine the emotion we feel.

Question 3

The James-Lange theory of emotions asserts that __________.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotions states that emotions arise from the awareness of bodily changes that result from arousing stimuli. It emphasizes the importance of physiological arousal in emotional experience.

Question 4

Think back to the "Language" chapter in your text. The thinker who might be especially interested in the influence of a language's emotion terms on the actual experience of emotion is __________.

Accepted Answer

The thinker who focused on the influence of language on our experience of emotions is Edward Sapir's student, Benjamin Whorf. He argued that language shapes our thoughts, including our understanding and perception of emotions.

Question 5

The Schachter and Singer experiment in which participants were injected with epinephrine showed that __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Schachter and Singer experiment in which...

Question 6

The experience of emotion largely reflects __________. The display of emotion of largely reflects __________.

Accepted Answer

The experience of emotion is largely influenced by biological and genetic factors (nature), while the display of emotion is significantly shaped by cultural, social, and individual upbringing (nurture).

Question 7

In Ekman's studies of emotional experience, participants are usually drawn from either literate, Western cultures, or isolated, preliterate cultures. This describes the studies' __________ variable.

Accepted Answer

Participants' cultural background is a characteristic of the participants, and therefore it is categorized as the independent variable in the study.

Question 8

Dennis can't cry even when he feels sad and like he's about to cry. Dennis has internalized emotional display rules, which are __________.

Accepted Answer

Emotional display rules are often automatic, meaning they are internalized ways of expressing or not expressing emotions based on societal norms and expectations, rather than being consciously controlled, universally the same across cultures, or genetically determined.

Question 9

According to Schachter and Singer, our emotions are based on __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Schachter and Singer, our emotions are based on a two-step process involving a physiological response and a cognitive evaluation. First, there is a non-specific physiological arousal in response to a stimulus, and then a person searches the environment for additional information to determine what emotion they are feeling. This additional cognitive evaluation allows for more specific emotions to be experienced or expressed.

Question 10

In Schachter and Singer's experiment on emotion, __________.

Accepted Answer

In Schachter and Singer's experiment, participants who were informed about the true effects of the drug (which was actually adrenaline) showed less emotional response than those who were misinformed or not informed. This is because they correctly attributed their arousal to the drug, not to the emotional situation they were placed in.

Question 11

The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment with epinephrine-treated research participants indicate that __________.

Accepted Answer

The Schachter-Singer experiment with epinephrine-treated research participants showed that visceral reactions by themselves do not produce genuine emotions. This supports the cognitive theory of emotions, which suggests that emotions are the result of interpreting our bodily reactions in a particular context or situation.

Question 12

Schachter and Singer investigated physiological concomitants of emotion. In general, their results suggest that __________.

Accepted Answer

Schachter and Singer's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion proposes that physiological arousal is a non-specific state and the interpretation of the arousal is what leads to the experience of a particular emotion. Therefore, choice C is the best option as it states that different attributions yield different emotional experiences from the same state of arousal.

Question 13

Val's been feeling elated all day for no particular reason. Sarah feels a rush of triumph after receiving a graduate school admissions offer. Val is experiencing a(n) __________. Sarah is experience a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

Val's feeling of elation seems to be more of a general mood, while Sarah's feeling of triumph is more specific and related to a particular event or achievement. Therefore, Val is experiencing a mood, while Sarah is experiencing an emotion. The most appropriate option is D: mood; emotion.

Question 14

Which of the following theories of emotion is INCORRECTLY described?

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory, not Cannon's theory alone, suggests that emotion and cognition occur simultaneously and independently of each other, with emotion being generated by subcortical brain activity and cognition being generated by cortical brain activity.

Question 15

Although the groups in Schachter and Singer's study were exposed to the same angry confederate, one group reported more subsequent feelings of anger than the other. Why?

Accepted Answer

The angrier group was not informed about the physical effects of the drug they were given, leading them to attribute their arousal to the situation rather than the drug, thus experiencing more anger.

Question 16

The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment indicate that __________.

Accepted Answer

The Schachter-Singer experiment found that emotional experience is the cognitive interpretation of arousal, which supports option C. Option A is incorrect as the experiment distinguished between emotional experience and visceral reaction. Option B and D are not supported by the experiment's findings.

Question 17

Congenitally blind children express emotion with the same facial expressions that their sighted counterparts use. This finding eliminates which of the following processes as a potential means by which emotional expressions might be acquired?

Accepted Answer

The finding that congenitally blind children express emotion with the same facial expressions as sighted children suggests that observational learning (or imitation) is not the primary means by which emotional expressions are acquired. The other options (positive and negative reinforcement, classical conditioning) are not necessarily ruled out by this finding.

Question 18

In an experiment by Schachter and Singer, research participants were injected with a drug that, unknown to them, produced autonomic arousal. The study found that the emotion experienced by these participants __________.

Accepted Answer

Schachter and Singer's study, known as the two-factor theory of emotion, found that the emotion experienced by participants depended on the situation at the time of arousal and could be positive, negative, or absent. The study showed that people label their emotional experience based on the cognitive appraisal of the situation and their physiological arousal. Therefore, the same physiological arousal can be interpreted as different emotions based on the situation in which it occurs.

Question 19

Dr. Lynch shows (a) members of a preliterate Andean culture and (b) American college students a series of photos of either Andeans or Americans displaying emotional expressions. She asks Andeans and Americans to identify the emotion displayed in each photo. Based on previous research, what might Dr. Lynch predict?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Lynch shows (a) members of a...

Question 20

Dr. Wong describes joy as an emotion high in pleasantness and high in activation. Contentment, he says, is a combination of high pleasantness and low activation. Dr. Wong takes a(n) __________ approach to understanding emotional experience.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Wong's approach to understanding emotional experience is dimensional, as he is describing emotions in terms of their levels of activation and pleasantness.

Quiz 12: Motivation and Emotion