Question 1

Victor does not pick a fight with his brother, Wallace, because he does not want to lose his TV-watching privileges. Wallace does not pick a fight with his brother, Victor, because he likes the praise his mother gives when they play cooperatively. According to Kohlberg, Victor's reasoning reflects a _____ level of moral reasoning, and Wallace's reasoning reflects a _____ level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Victor does not pick a fight with...

Question 2

Which is NOT an advantage associated with cross-sectional research?

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional research focuses on a single point in time, which means that data collection is generally less time-consuming and less expensive than other research designs that require data collection over a longer period. Cross-sectional research also does not require continual retesting of participants, making it easier to conduct. However, a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that it does not control for cohort effects, which can create bias in the findings. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it is the only option that is not a benefit of cross-sectional research.

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

Abstract thinking is a cognitive process that involves understanding complex concepts and relationships, whereas the other options are specific skills or types of knowledge.

Question 4

Which is NOT a disadvantage of the longitudinal research design?

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects are not a disadvantage of longitudinal research; they are more commonly associated with cross-sectional studies. Longitudinal studies follow the same group over time, thus controlling for cohort effects.

Question 5

Preconventional morality is to _____ as conventional morality is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional morality is primarily concerned with direct consequences to the individual, such as rewards or punishments, while conventional morality focuses on maintaining social order and following laws and rules.

Question 6

Pamela refuses to pay taxes because she ideologically cannot support government programs she believes are unethical. Tom always pays his taxes because he wants people to think of him as a good citizen. According to Kohlberg, Pamela's reasoning reflects a _____ level of moral reasoning and Tom's reasoning reflects a _____ level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Pamela's reasoning reflects a postconventional level of moral reasoning because she is making a decision based on her own principles and values, even if they conflict with societal norms or laws. Tom's reasoning reflects a conventional level of moral reasoning because he is primarily concerned with how others perceive him and conforming to established societal norms, such as paying taxes.

Question 7

What is the primary problem with interpreting the results of cross-sectional studies of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects occur when people of different age groups have had different life experiences that could impact their performance on intelligence tests. Cross-sectional studies only compare different age groups at one point in time and cannot control for cohort effects.

Question 8

Mr. Webb is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching. He is mostly concerned with teaching primary mathematical concepts to Scott, who is having difficulty, and to Emily, who is doing very well. According to Vygotsky, Mr. Webb should _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky's theory of the Zone of Proximal Development, students who are struggling need more assistance than those who are doing well. Mr. Webb should provide Scott with more assistance than Emily in order to help him grasp the primary mathematical concepts he is struggling with. This approach will help to bridge the gap between Scott's current level of understanding and his potential level of understanding. Emily, on the other hand, may require less assistance as she is already doing well and may even be able to assist Scott in his understanding. The goal is to provide the appropriate level of support for each individual student in order to facilitate their learning and development.

Question 9

Cross-sectional studies are _____ time consuming and _____ expensive than longitudinal studies.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies are generally less time consuming and less expensive than longitudinal studies because they involve observations at a single point in time, rather than over an extended period.

Question 10

Which of the following could contribute to cohort effects in a cross-sectional study of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Differing educational opportunities in successive generations could potentially lead to cohort effects in a cross-sectional study of intelligence, as individuals from different generations may have had different access to educational resources and thus may perform differently on intelligence tests. Paying participation fees and giving different forms of a test to different genders may introduce biases or confounds into the study, but are less likely to contribute to cohort effects specifically.

Question 11

Studies of adult cognitive ability reveal that, on average, abstract thinking _____ with age and logical problem solving _____ with age.

Accepted Answer

Abstract thinking and logical problem solving both tend to decrease with age due to cognitive decline.

Question 12

Studies of adult intelligence reveal that, on average, verbal skills _____ with age and numerical skills _____ with age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of adult intelligence reveal that, on...

Question 13

Karen attends church because she wants to gain the approval of her friends who attend church regularly, displaying the _____ orientation, characteristic of Kohlberg's _____ morality.

Accepted Answer

Karen is motivated by a desire to be perceived as a "good girl" by her friends, demonstrating the good-girl/good-boy orientation. This orientation is a characteristic of Kohlberg's conventional morality stage, where individuals act in ways that conform to societal expectations to gain approval from others.

Question 14

An individual at the preconventional morality stage of Kohlberg's theory would emphasize _____.

Accepted Answer

At the preconventional morality stage, individuals make decisions based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. Therefore, the emphasis would be on punishment rather than law and order or the approval of others (good-girl/good-boy).

Question 15

Across the life span, cross-sectional studies of intelligence suggest that intelligence _____ as people get older and longitudinal studies of intelligence suggest that intelligence _____ as people get older, until very late in life.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies, which compare different age groups at one point in time, often suggest that intelligence decreases with age. However, longitudinal studies, which follow the same individuals over time, generally find that intelligence remains stable or even increases until very late in life.

Question 16

If Virginia wanted to conduct an experiment to determine how intelligence changes in adulthood, which of the following would NOT be a factor when deciding whether to use a cross-sectional or longitudinal design?

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies involve comparing different groups of individuals at one point in time, so they do not require repeated testing of participants. This is a characteristic of longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional ones.

Question 17

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral reasoning using which methodology?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg used the methodology of giving people stories involving moral difficulties and asking if the actor behaved appropriately and why. This method is known as the moral dilemma or moral reasoning interview.

Question 18

Leonard does not stay out beyond the time his parents set for curfew because he wants to avoid being grounded. Leonard is displaying the _____ orientation, characteristic of Kohlberg's _____ morality.

Accepted Answer

Leonard is motivated by the desire to avoid punishment (being grounded), which aligns with the preconventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where moral reasoning is based on the physical consequences of actions.

Question 19

Which statement MOST accurately describes the results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

Accepted Answer

The Seattle Longitudinal Study found that while abilities dependent on processing speed do decline with age, most abilities do not decline substantially until age 80. This suggests that cognitive decline in aging may not be as severe as previously thought.

Question 20

Which statement is the BEST advice for maintaining intellectual performance well into late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Taking care of physical health and continuing to engage in intellectually stimulating activities has been shown to have a positive impact on maintaining cognitive function in late adulthood. Moving into a residential community consisting primarily of adults your age or turning over cognitive tasks to others does not necessarily contribute to maintaining intellectual performance.

Quiz 7: Section 2: Developmental Psychology

Which is NOT an advantage associated with cross-sectional research?

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

Which is NOT a disadvantage of the longitudinal research design?

Preconventional morality is to _ as conventional morality is to _.

What is the primary problem with interpreting the results of cross-sectional studies of intelligence?

Mr. Webb is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching. He is mostly concerned with teaching primary mathematical concepts to Scott, who is having difficulty, and to Emily, who is doing very well. According to Vygotsky, Mr. Webb should _____.

Cross-sectional studies are _ time consuming and _ expensive than longitudinal studies.

Which of the following could contribute to cohort effects in a cross-sectional study of intelligence?

Studies of adult cognitive ability reveal that, on average, abstract thinking _ with age and logical problem solving _ with age.

Studies of adult intelligence reveal that, on average, verbal skills _ with age and numerical skills _ with age.

Karen attends church because she wants to gain the approval of her friends who attend church regularly, displaying the _ orientation, characteristic of Kohlberg's _ morality.

An individual at the preconventional morality stage of Kohlberg's theory would emphasize _____.

Across the life span, cross-sectional studies of intelligence suggest that intelligence _ as people get older and longitudinal studies of intelligence suggest that intelligence _ as people get older, until very late in life.

If Virginia wanted to conduct an experiment to determine how intelligence changes in adulthood, which of the following would NOT be a factor when deciding whether to use a cross-sectional or longitudinal design?

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral reasoning using which methodology?

Leonard does not stay out beyond the time his parents set for curfew because he wants to avoid being grounded. Leonard is displaying the _ orientation, characteristic of Kohlberg's _ morality.

Which statement MOST accurately describes the results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

Which statement is the BEST advice for maintaining intellectual performance well into late adulthood?