Question 1

Divers studied words in one of two contexts (on land or underwater) and recalled the words in one of two contexts (on land or underwater). Results indicated recall for both groups was greater _____.

Accepted Answer

The best choice is D because research has shown that the best recall occurs when individuals are tested in the same context in which they had studied. This is known as context-dependent memory.

Question 2

Which mnemonic device is LEAST effective?

Accepted Answer

The first-letter technique, also known as acronym or acrostic, is the least effective mnemonic device as it only relies on remembering the first letter of each word in a sequence. It doesn't provide a comprehensive and meaningful way to remember information compared to other techniques like method of loci, peg-word system or the spacing effect.

Question 3

Long-term memory is best when a person's mood state is the same at encoding and retrieval, an effect known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Mood-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where recall is improved when an individual's mood at the time of encoding matches their mood at the time of retrieval.

Question 4

Which phenomena is based on the encoding specificity principle?

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle suggests that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval. This principle underlies all the listed phenomena: state-dependent memory (A) where recall is better when the physiological or psychological state matches at both encoding and retrieval; mood-congruence effect (B) where memory is better for information that matches the individual's current mood, both of which are specific instances of encoding and retrieval contexts; and the self-reference effect (C) where information related to the self is better remembered, as the self serves as a powerful cue for encoding and retrieval.

Question 5

Whenever Francesca is angry with her brother Gerald, she more easily recalls many of the times she has been treated unfairly by others in the past. Which of the following BEST explains this?

Accepted Answer

The mood-congruence effect explains this phenomenon, as it suggests that individuals are more likely to remember information that is congruent with their current mood. In this case, Francesca's anger makes it easier for her to recall past instances where she felt treated unfairly, as those memories are congruent with her current emotional state.

Question 6

Which is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The mood-congruence effect actually states that memory is better for experiences that match a person's current mood, not those that differ from it.

Question 7

Which mnemonic device(s) involves the use of imagery?

Accepted Answer

Both method of loci and peg-word system involve the use of imagery. The method of loci involves creating a mental image of a familiar location and associating each item to be remembered with a specific location in that image. The peg-word system involves creating a mental image of a set of rhyming words and associating each item to be remembered with a specific word in that set. Both methods involve the use of vivid imagery to aid in memory retention.

Question 8

Kathleen studies a section of her textbook every other night rather than waiting until the night before a quiz to study an entire chapter. Kathleen is MOST clearly relying on which of the following to improve her quiz performance?

Accepted Answer

Kathleen is utilizing the spacing effect, which suggests that spacing out study sessions over time improves retention and recall of information. By studying a little bit every other night, Kathleen is giving her brain time to consolidate and strengthen the memories, leading to better performance on quizzes. Encoding specificity refers to the idea that memory is stronger when the encoding and retrieval context match, recency effect is the tendency to remember information from the end of a list, and state-dependent memory refers to how retrieval of memories can be influenced by the current state or mood of the individual. None of these concepts are directly applicable to Kathleen's study habits.

Question 9

Recovery from depression may be hindered by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Mood-congruence memory, where memories are more easily recalled when they are in the same emotional state as when they were encoded, can hinder recovery from depression because it can make it more difficult to recall positive memories and experiences.

Question 10

To remember whom she wanted to invite to a party, Olivia visually pictured Brenda eating a hamburger on a bun, Sarah putting on her shoes, and Tim climbing a tree. Which mnemonic is Olivia using?

Accepted Answer

Olivia is using the peg-word method, which involves associating numbers with visualized rhyming words to then associate those words with items on a list. In this case, Olivia is using the numbers 1, 2, and 3 to associate with the visual images of Brenda eating a hamburger on a bun, Sarah putting on her shoes, and Tim climbing a tree, respectively.

Question 11

When Hillary has nothing to write on, she takes a mental walk through her house selecting various places for items she needs to remember to buy at the grocery store. Then when she gets to the grocery store, she takes this mental walk again while shopping. Which mnemonic device is Hillary using?

Accepted Answer

Hillary is using the method of loci, also known as the memory palace technique, which involves mentally placing items to be remembered in specific locations within a familiar setting. In this case, she is using rooms in her house as the locations to remember items to buy at the grocery store.

Question 12

According to your text, why is the encoding specificity effect not consistently applicable to classroom testing?

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity effect is based on the idea that memory is influenced by the context in which it is learned. However, in classroom testing, students may learn the material in different environments (e.g. at home, in the library) which may not be represented in the classroom context. Therefore, the encoding specificity effect may not consistently apply in classroom testing.

Question 13

If you better remember the words "happy" and "cheerful" from a list of words because they are characteristics you embody, you are likely experiencing _____.

Accepted Answer

The self-reference effect is the phenomenon where people tend to remember information better when it is related to themselves. In this scenario, the person remembers "happy" and "cheerful" better because they embody those characteristics, which relates to themselves.

Question 14

A test of memory that requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no retrieval cues is called a(n) _____ task.

Accepted Answer

A recall task is one in which the individual must reproduce information without any cues, such as in a free recall task where a list of words is presented and then the individual must recall them in any order without any prompts or cues. Encoding specificity refers to the idea that a retrieval cue must match the way information was initially encoded for effective retrieval, elaboration refers to the process of adding meaning and detail to information to make it more memorable, and recognition refers to the identification of previously encountered information among a set of options.

Question 15

You are MOST likely to remember the word "cheery" if you encoded it as _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are MOST likely to remember the...

Question 16

After he had a few beers, Larry reorganized the closet where he kept his sporting equipment. The next day, he could not find his tennis racquet. However, the following weekend, after having a few beers, Larry remembered where he put his racquet, an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

State-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon in which memory retrieval is better when a person's internal state during retrieval matches their internal state during encoding. In this scenario, Larry's internal state (having a few beers) during retrieval matched his internal state during encoding the memory of where he put his tennis racquet, leading to his successful retrieval of the memory.

Question 17

Godden and Baddeley (1975) determined that participants recalled more information when their study and test environments matched. Which of the following BEST explains this effect?

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle states that memory performance is best when the encoding and retrieval contexts match. This can include physical environments, emotional states, or other contextual factors. Therefore, the finding that participants recalled more information when their study and test environments matched can be explained by the encoding specificity principle.

Question 18

The mood-congruence effect explains which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The mood-congruence effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals tend to remember events or experiences that are consistent with their current mood state. For example, depressed individuals tend to recall negative or distressing memories more easily than positive memories. Therefore, choice B accurately reflects the mood-congruence effect. Choices A and C are not directly related to the mood-congruence effect. Choice D is not the best answer as not all the options are correct.

Question 19

If Fran wants to do her best on the next psychology exam, which study technique(s) should she use?

Accepted Answer

All of the techniques listed (distributing studying over time, continuing to study past initial learning, and practicing retrieval) have been shown to improve long-term retention and performance on exams. Therefore, Fran should use all of these techniques to do her best on the psychology exam.

Question 20

Sandra remembers her grocery list by associating each item with a different place in her kitchen (e.g., eggs on top of the toaster, milk in the sink). Which mnemonic is Sandra using?

Accepted Answer

Sandra is using the method of loci, also known as the memory palace technique, where she associates each item with a specific location in her kitchen to help her remember the grocery list.

Quiz 5: Section 2:memory

Divers studied words in one of two contexts (on land or underwater) and recalled the words in one of two contexts (on land or underwater) . Results indicated recall for both groups was greater _____.