Question 1

According to Piaget, how many revolutionary changes in thought occur over the lifespan?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed in three revolutionary changes in thought that occurred over the lifespan, which he called stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Question 2

When Utsav is riding in the car with his mother, he will point at buses, vans, bikes, and trucks and say "car." This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Utsav is using the word "car" to refer to a broader category of vehicles than just cars. This is an example of overextension, where a child applies a word too broadly to encompass more objects than it should.

Question 3

Eighteen-month-old Zach's vocabulary consists mainly of words that are the names of objects, persons, or actions. Zach has a(n) ________ style of learning language.

Accepted Answer

A referential style of learning language is characterized by children using words mainly as labels for objects, persons, or actions. This is exactly what Zach is doing with his current vocabulary.

Question 4

Kim has an expressive style of learning language. Ellie has a referential style of learning language. You would expect to find that

Accepted Answer

Kim's expressive style of learning language means that she is likely to focus more on learning language to express emotions and social connections. This could lead to her knowing more social phrases. Ellie's referential style of learning language means that she is likely to focus more on learning language to refer to objects and ideas, which could lead to her knowing more words that are names. Therefore, it is most likely that Kim knows more social phrases and Ellie knows more words that are names.

Question 5

The mistake children make of defining a word too broadly is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The mistake children make of defining a word too broadly is referred to as overextension. Overregularization refers to applying grammatical rules too broadly, underextension is defining a word too narrowly, and fast mapping is the ability to learn new words quickly.

Question 6

Hannah uses the word cat to refer only to her cat, not to other cats. Hannah's mistake is an example of

Accepted Answer

Hannah's mistake is an example of underextension, where a child uses a word too narrowly, applying it to fewer objects or situations than is appropriate for the language. In this case, Hannah is using the word "cat" to refer only to her own cat, rather than to all cats, which is a classic example of underextension.

Question 7

Early attempts at make-believe play often result from

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation allows children to replicate actions they have observed, which is a foundation for make-believe play.

Question 8

Overextensions

Accepted Answer

Overextensions occur more often when children are producing words than when they are comprehending words, as they may use a word they know to label multiple items that share some characteristics with the known item, indicating a part of the language acquisition process where children are actively experimenting with language use.

Question 9

Children with expressive language-learning styles

Accepted Answer

Children with expressive language-learning styles tend to have vocabularies that consist of many social phrases, as they often use language primarily for social interactions.

Question 10

Children with a referential style of learning language use language mainly as a(n) ________ tool whereas children with an expressive style of learning language use language primarily as a(n) ________ tool.

Accepted Answer

Children with a referential style of learning language mainly use language to convey information and learn intellectually about the world around them. They focus on the meaning of the words and the realistic use of language. On the other hand, children with an expressive style of learning language primarily use language for social purposes, such as building relationships and expressing emotions. They focus on the social aspects of language use. Therefore, the best answer is C) intellectual; social.

Question 11

Jessie is shown 30 blue triangles, one after another. After the eighteenth or nineteenth blue triangle, she is no longer paying a great deal of attention. When shown a red circle, Jessie re-orients to the display. This renewed awareness of the stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

Dishabituation refers to the recovery of a habituated response following the presentation of a novel stimulus. In this case, Jessie's renewed awareness of the stimulus (the red circle) after becoming habituated to the blue triangles suggests dishabituation. Conditioning refers to the process of learning through association, deconditioning refers to the process of unlearning a conditioned response, and habituation refers to the process of decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure. None of these fully capture Jessie's response to the red circle.

Question 12

Eighteen-month-old Lenny's vocabulary contains some words that are names for objects but also has many social phrases such as "I want it" and "Go away." Lenny has a(n) ________ style of learning language.

Accepted Answer

Lenny's use of social phrases like "I want it" and "Go away," in addition to naming objects, indicates an expressive style of language learning. This style emphasizes the use of language for social communication.

Question 13

Which of the following is the best example of an overextension?

Accepted Answer

Overextension refers to the use of a word in a broader sense than its intended meaning. Using the word "horsie" to refer to all four-legged creatures is an example of overextension as it extends the meaning of the word beyond its actual meaning. The other options do not involve extending the meaning of a word beyond its intended use.

Question 14

Virginia Slaughter and her research team found that infants understand their bodies in all of the following ways except

Accepted Answer

Virginia Slaughter and her research team found that infants do not understand their bodies through lexical-semantic knowledge.

Question 15

Piaget believed that the fundamental task of infancy was mastering

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that object permanence was the fundamental task of infancy, as it is the ability to understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight. This skill is considered the foundation for the development of mental representation, which is the ability to form internal mental images or symbols of objects and events. Circular reactions and imitation are important processes in infancy, but they are not considered the fundamental task of this developmental stage.

Question 16

Piaget's substage 2 is best summarized as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Piaget's substage 2 is best summarized as
...

Question 17

Young Frederick tells his grandmother that he went to the park yesterday. This is most clearly a demonstration of

Accepted Answer

Young Frederick's recall of going to the park yesterday involves his ability to recollect a specific event from his personal experiences, which is indicative of episodic memory. Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall personal events and experiences at specific times and places.

Question 18

It seems that infants have some understanding of object permanence early in the first year of life. We know this because Baillargeon (1987, 1994) found that 4½-month-olds

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's research demonstrated that infants as young as 4½ months old look longer at events that defy their expectations of object permanence, indicating they have some understanding of it.

Question 19

A theory of cognitive development that retains Piagetian stage theory but takes an information processing approach to skill development is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The neo-Piagetian approach incorporates Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development but also emphasizes the role of information processing in skill development. It suggests that children's ability to process information improves with age, leading to more advanced cognitive abilities at each stage of development.

Question 20

Youngsters with a referential style of language-learning

Accepted Answer

Youngsters with a referential style of language-learning tend to focus on naming objects, persons, or actions, which means their vocabularies are dominated by nouns and specific terms rather than social or functional words.

Quiz 6: Cognition in Infants and Toddlers