Question 1

The Law of Effect was proposed by:
A)Titchener.
B)Watson.
C)Skinner.
D)Thorndike.

Accepted Answer

The Law of Effect was proposed by Edward Thorndike, who conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to study their learning abilities. He observed that cats were able to learn through trial and error and that their behaviors were more likely to be repeated if they led to a positive outcome or outcome that was satisfying to the cat. This became known as the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes will be strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative outcomes will be weakened or extinguished.

Question 2

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
A)UCR,UCS
B)UCS,UCR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS

Accepted Answer

According to classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without any learning initially taking place. In this scenario, the meat powder is the UCS and the dog's salivation is the UCR. In order to create a conditioned response (CR), Pavlov then introduced a neutral stimulus, which became the conditioned stimulus (CS), that was paired with the UCS. The dog eventually learned to associate the CS (meat powder) with the UCS (food) and produced a CR (salivation) in response to the CS alone. Therefore, the meat powder is not the CS and salivation is not the CR.

Question 3

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Accepted Answer

Presenting the tone alone repeatedly without the puff of air is the best option for extinguishing the blinking response to the tone. This is known as extinction, where the conditioned response (blinking) is gradually reduced when the conditioned stimulus (tone) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (puff of air). By presenting the tone alone repeatedly, the participant will eventually learn that the tone no longer predicts the puff of air, and the blinking response will gradually fade away. The other options (B, C, and D) would all involve continuing to pair the tone with the puff of air or making the stimuli more intense, which would likely strengthen or maintain the blinking response.

Question 4

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.
A)Watson
B)Pavlov
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Accepted Answer

The law of effect is associated with Edward Thorndike who formulated it based on his experiments with animals. He proposed that behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that lead to unsatisfactory outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Question 5

B.F.Skinner is known for his theory of:
A)cognitive learning.
B)intelligence.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is best known for his theory of operant conditioning, which is a behaviorist approach to learning that focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it, such as rewards and punishments.

Question 6

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Taste aversions are a specific example of classical conditioning, where an organism learns to associate a particular taste or smell with nausea or illness.

Question 7

The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:
A)James.
B)Skinner.
C)Thorndike.
D)Pavlov.

Accepted Answer

The law of effect was first proposed by psychologist Edward Thorndike in the late 19th century. The law states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Question 8

Classical conditioning was discovered by:
A)Pavlov.
B)Watson.
C)Thorndike.
D)Skinner.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century through his famous experiment with dogs.

Question 9

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:
A)a wire monkey.
B)a cognitive map.
C)a puzzle box.
D)a buzzer.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was a puzzle box, which contained a mechanism that required the subject to perform a specific behavior in order to escape or obtain a reward.

Question 10

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his famous dog experiments.

Question 11

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the sound of the closet door opening because it has become associated with the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (dog food) and is now able to elicit a response (dog salivating) on its own.

Question 12

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to _______.
A)reinforcement;Law of Effect
B)Law of Effect;reinforcement
C)reinforcement;punishment
D)positive reinforcement;negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Thorndike is best known for his work on the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened. Skinner built upon Thorndike's work and is best known for his research on reinforcement, particularly operant conditioning, which involves using positive or negative consequences to strengthen or weaken behaviors. Therefore, Thorndike is associated with the Law of Effect and Skinner is associated with reinforcement, making choice B the correct answer.

Question 13

Thorndike conducted research on:
A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)shaping.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike conducted research on operant conditioning, which involves the learning of behaviors based on the consequences that follow them. He famously used a puzzle box to study the process by which cats learned to escape by trial and error.

Question 14

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:
A)social learning.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The learning process studied in the Skinner box involves operant conditioning, where an animal's behavior is shaped by the consequences of its actions, such as receiving a reward or punishment. The Skinner box is a tool used to study operant conditioning, with the animal typically performing a behavior (such as pressing a lever) to receive a reward (such as food). Social learning involves observing and imitating the behavior of others, higher-order conditioning involves pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new stimulus to create a new conditioned response, and cognitive learning involves mental processes such as attention, perception, and memory. None of these processes are specifically studied in the Skinner box.

Question 15

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (which initially has no effect) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (which naturally elicits a response). Over time and repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as classical conditioning requires the pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Classical is to _______ as operant is to _______.
A)Pavlov;Skinner
B)Skinner;Pavlov
C)Pavlov;Watson
D)Watson;Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner.

Question 17

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was paired with the presentation of meat until it became associated with the meat and the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell alone. Therefore, the ringing of the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited the conditioned response (CR) of salivation. The meat, which originally elicited the salivation without any learning, was the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the salivation to the meat was the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 18

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:
A)Rubik's cube.
B)Skinner box.
C)Pavlov bell.
D)Thorndike puzzle.

Accepted Answer

The Skinner box (also known as an operant conditioning chamber) is the apparatus that B.F. Skinner famously used in his experiments on operant conditioning. It was designed to allow researchers to study the behavior of animals (such as rats or pigeons) and the effects of different types of reinforcement or punishment on their behavior.

Question 19

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning, as he conducted groundbreaking research in the late 19th and early 20th century involving dogs and their learned responses to various stimuli.

Question 20

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking,when you hear your favorite song
C)your favorite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Accepted Answer

The puff of air to your eye is an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicits the reflexive response of blinking without any prior conditioning or learning. A is incorrect because air blown into your eye is also a puff of air, which is the actual stimulus that elicits the reflexive response of blinking. B and C are incorrect because they do not involve a natural or unconditioned stimulus, but rather a learned association between a song and a response.

Quiz 5: C: Learning

The Law of Effect was proposed by:

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the and salivation was the .

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.

B.F.Skinner is known for his theory of:

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Thorndike is to _ as Skinner is to _.

Thorndike conducted research on:

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

Classical is to _ as operant is to _.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?