Question 1

Describe metabolic acidosis.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of fixed and metabolic acids, loss of bicarbonate or depletion of bicarbonate reserve due to inadequate excretion of hydrogen ions by the kidneys. This leads to a decrease in the pH value.

Question 2

Explain the significance of two important body minerals: sodium and calcium.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Describe metabolic alkalosis.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. This can occur due to excessive vomiting, excessive use of diuretics, or excessive ingestion of antacids containing bicarbonate.

Question 4

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Identify the body's three major buffer systems.

Accepted Answer

The three major buffer systems in the body are the phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. The hemoglobin buffer system and amino acid buffer system are not major buffer systems in the body. The renal and respiratory buffer systems refer to the body's mechanisms for regulating pH but do not represent specific buffer systems.

Question 6

Define ECF and ICF.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Fred has emphysema,a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal,yet his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly.How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Summarize the relationship between PCO₂ levels and pH.

Accepted Answer

There is an inverse relationship between the levels of PCO2 and pH. As the PCO2 levels increase, the pH decreases (more acidic). Conversely, as the PCO2 levels decrease, the pH increases (more basic). This is due to the fact that high levels of PCO2 increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH, and vice versa.

Question 9

How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in pH indicates higher levels of acidity in the body fluids. Respiratory rate would increase to eliminate excess CO2 and reduce the acidity through exhalation. This helps to correct the pH balance in the body fluids.

Question 10

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

The phosphate buffer system primarily buffers the intracellular fluid (ICF) and urine, as it is more effective in environments with lower concentrations of proteins and higher concentrations of phosphates.

Question 11

Describe the fluid compartments.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed when carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water (H2O), and it directly affects the pH of the extracellular fluid (ECF) by dissociating into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+), which are key determinants of pH.

Question 13

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

If the kidneys are conserving HCO₃- and eliminating H⁺ in acidic urine,which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis is occurring, indicated by the kidneys conserving bicarbonate (HCO3-) to counteract the acidosis and eliminating hydrogen ions (H+) in the urine to raise blood pH.

Question 15

Compare the three categories of acids.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

What would happen to the blood PCO₂ of a patient who has an airway obstruction?

Accepted Answer

Airway obstruction can lead to insufficient oxygen entering the lungs and carbon dioxide accumulating in the bloodstream. As a result, the blood PCO2 would increase, leading to respiratory acidosis.

Question 17

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 25: Fluid,electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance