Question 1

Harlow's "mother-only" monkeys who were denied contacts with peers

Accepted Answer

Harlow's "mother-only" monkeys who were denied contacts with peers often avoided peers when later exposed to them and were likely to behave aggressively if they did approach a peer. This is because they were deprived of the social interactions and learning experiences that occur between peers during early development. They may have also developed anxiety and fear towards unfamiliar monkeys. However, the monkeys did not necessarily develop strong mutual attachments to other monkeys who had been raised by their mothers and denied early contact with peers, as suggested in choice C.

Question 2

Taken together, studies of both monkeys and human beings suggest that

Accepted Answer

Both studies suggest that peer contact promotes the development of competent and adaptive social behavior, indicating that choice C is the best option. Choice A is not specifically supported by the studies, as they do not examine whether peer contact is the key to social development. Choice B is contradicted by the studies, as they found that individuals raised exclusively with peers can develop positive social behaviors. Choice D is not directly addressed by the studies, which focus on the role of peer contact rather than parenting.

Question 3

Contact with peers is thought to be important because

Accepted Answer

Peer interactions are typically more egalitarian, allowing children to learn social skills and norms in a setting where power dynamics are more balanced compared to family interactions.

Question 4

Harlow's "peer-only" monkeys who were raised with peers (and without mothers)

Accepted Answer

Harlow's "peer-only" monkeys did form strong attachments to their peer associates, but were often aggressive as adults toward monkeys they did not know. Therefore, both options A and B are correct.

Question 5

Freud and Dann's (1951) human parallel to Harlow's "peer-only" monkeys revealed that these "peer-only" orphans

Accepted Answer

Freud and Dann's (1951) human parallel to Harlow's "peer-only" monkeys showed that these orphans were strongly attached to each other and were initially indifferent or hostile to outsiders. However, their adjustment problems as adults were not explicitly mentioned in this context.

Question 6

In the natural ecology, children's play groups consist primarily of

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the natural ecology, children's play groups...

Question 7

The research of Harlow and others indicates that optimal social development depends on

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research demonstrated the importance of both maternal and peer social interaction for optimal social development in primates. While a mother figure is important for attachment and the development of a sense of security, peer interaction is necessary for socialization and learning appropriate behavior in group settings.

Question 8

Developmentalists define a peer as

Accepted Answer

Developmentalists define a peer as someone who operates at a similar level of behavioral complexity, which encompasses more than just age or companionship.

Question 9

Harlow's monkey research and Freud and Dann's observation of war orphans suggest that the major contribution that a parent makes to social development is _____ , and that peer contacts _____ .

Accepted Answer

Harlow's monkey research and Freud and Dann's observation of war orphans suggest that the major contribution that a parent makes to social development is to provide a sense of security, while peer contacts promote the development of adaptive social behaviors.

Question 10

Within their gender-segregated world of playmates

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that boys tend to form larger, hierarchical groups or "packs," while girls tend to prefer smaller, close-knit pairs. This is not to say that all boys or all girls fit into these gender-specific patterns, as individual differences within each gender are also important.

Question 11

Seven-year-old Sharon and four-year-old Sue often play together, with Sharon adjusting her play to Sue's capabilities. According to developmental researchers, Sharon and Sue would

Accepted Answer

Peers are not defined by age or gender, but rather by social equality and interaction. Sharon and Sue are playing together and Sharon is adjusting her play to accommodate Sue's capabilities, indicating that they are operating as social equals and therefore considered peers.

Question 12

Mixed-age peer interactions may be particularly important experiences for _____ , who would otherwise miss out on some of the benefits of mixed-age contacts at home.

Accepted Answer

Mixed-age peer interactions are beneficial for the first-born, last-born, and only children, as they all can miss out on mixed-age contacts at home in different ways. First-born children may not have older siblings to interact with, last-born children may not have younger siblings, and only children have no siblings at all. Mixed-age interactions can provide diverse social and cognitive benefits that they might not experience otherwise.

Question 13

As early as the _____ , children are spending more time with other children than with adults, and most of these child contacts are between _____ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of As early as the _____ , children...

Question 14

_____ seems to be particularly important to ensuring good developmental outcomes later in life.

Accepted Answer

Both having contact with peer associates and establishing satisfactory relations with them are important in ensuring good developmental outcomes later in life. Contact with peers allows for opportunities to learn social skills and establish relationships, while satisfactory relations with peers provide emotional support and positive influences.

Question 15

Mixed-age interactions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mixed-age interactions
...

Question 16

Equal-status contacts with peers may be of special developmental significance because they

Accepted Answer

Equal-status contacts with peers provide children with the opportunity to interact with others who are similar to them in terms of age, interests, and abilities. This helps children to develop social competencies that are difficult to acquire at home, such as empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation. Mixed-age interactions are also important, but they occur less frequently than peer interactions. The option A is incorrect because children do not need to learn to dominate others, but to develop positive and healthy relationships. Option D is correct too, but option B is the best because it provides a more specific explanation for why equal-status contacts with peers are important for development.

Question 17

With respect to the character of peer interactions,

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that even infants and toddlers spend more time with same-sex peers than with other-sex peers. This is believed to be due to a preference for playing with toys and engaging in activities that are stereotypically associated with their own gender.

Question 18

Most developmentalists view peer interactions as

Accepted Answer

Most developmentalists view peer interactions as important because they are more egalitarian than parent-child contacts, allowing children and adolescents to learn negotiation, cooperation, and other social skills not always present in adult-child relationships.

Question 19

Compared to groups of same-age peers, mixed-age peer aggregations are more likely to

Accepted Answer

Mixed-age peer groups offer the opportunity for younger children to learn from older ones and for older ones to develop empathy, nurturing skills, and leadership abilities. It is a context that benefits both age groups. Research has shown that mixed-age groups can lead to more positive social interactions, increased communication skills, and higher academic achievement compared to same-age groups. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B and C are incorrect because there is no evidence to suggest that mixed-age groups display more antisocial behavior or are leaderless.

Question 20

Interactions among children of different ages is developmentally

Accepted Answer

Interactions among children of different ages can be beneficial for both younger and older children. Younger children can learn from older children how to seek assistance and solve problems, while older children can learn leadership skills and gain a sense of responsibility by helping and guiding younger children.

Quiz 13: Extrafamilial Influences Ii: Peers As Socialization Agents