Question 1

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behaviour. This feeling is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The feeling that everyone notices and is preoccupied with our every move or behaviour is called a belief in an imaginary audience. It is a common phenomenon experienced by adolescents and is a symptom of the adolescent egocentrism stage, where young people tend to focus excessively on their own thoughts and feelings, and believe that their experiences are unique to them.

Question 2

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that self-recognition in the mirror develops around 18 months old. Children may touch or point to their own reflection as they begin to understand that the image they see is themselves.

Question 3

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old?

Accepted Answer

Marcus talks about having friends, which is a common priority for kids around the age of 10. He also mentions feeling insecure about his performance in school and sports, which is a common experience for kids in this age range as well. The language and level of self-awareness in his description suggest that he is not as young as 3 or 7, and not as old as 14.

Question 4

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on:

Accepted Answer

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is a classic example of social comparison, where individuals evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.

Question 5

_____ is(are) used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self.

Accepted Answer

Placing rouge on a child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror is called the rouge test, also known as the mirror test, and is used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self. If the toddler recognizes their reflection and tries to touch or wipe away the rouge, it suggests that they have an understanding of themselves as separate individuals. The Strange Situation and children's reactions to controlling a mobile are not specifically designed to test a toddler's sense of self.

Question 6

Which behaviour is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Turning towards a noise is a basic reflex and does not necessarily indicate a developing sense of self. The other options are all behaviors that can indicate a developing sense of self. For example, displaying separation distress can show that the child recognizes themselves as separate from their caregiver, demonstrating joint attention shows that the child is able to understand and share attention with another person, and showing happiness when controlling objects can demonstrate a sense of agency and control over their environment.

Question 7

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Deeana's face and then puts her in front of the mirror, she touches the spot on her face. Deeana is MOST likely to be at what age?

Accepted Answer

This is the age when infants first show evidence of self-awareness, usually through the "rouge test" where they touch a mark on their face in the mirror. At 14 months old, infants are not typically self-aware enough to recognize themselves in the mirror. At 17 months old, some infants may pass the rouge test but not all, and at 11 months old infants are much too young to even attempt the test.

Question 8

Which behaviour is an indication that an infant has a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which behaviour is an indication that an...

Question 9

Which concept is typical of a 3-year-old child's sense of self?

Accepted Answer

A 3-year-old child's sense of self is typically focused on observable features, such as physical characteristics and simple abilities, rather than abstract comparisons or evaluations by others.

Question 10

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are:

Accepted Answer

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are often abstract, focused on their social competence, and seemingly contradictory. This is due to their ongoing cognitive and social development, as they try to understand and define themselves in relation to others and their changing environment.

Question 11

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to:

Accepted Answer

The personal fable refers to the belief that adolescents have that their experiences and feelings are unique and special. They may feel that their experiences are significantly different from those of their peers or adults, which can lead to a sense of isolation and a belief that others cannot understand them. This can be a normal part of adolescent development, but it can also contribute to risky behaviors if the adolescent believes they are invincible or untouchable.

Question 12

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Imitating others' facial expressions is not necessarily an indication of having a sense of self. It is a social skill that can be developed without self-awareness. Experiencing embarrassment, recognizing self in the mirror, and attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals all suggest that a child has developed some awareness of their identity as an individual.

Question 13

The personal fable is a form of:

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is a form of egocentrism, which is the belief that one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique and exceptional compared to those of others. This often leads to a sense of invincibility and an overestimation of one's abilities and importance. It is common during adolescence when individuals are trying to establish their identity and sense of self, and can serve as a coping mechanism for dealing with the challenges and uncertainties of this stage of life.

Question 14

Which emotion is an indicator that a child has a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Shame is an emotion that arises from a person's perception of their own actions, often leading to a sense of guilt or embarrassment. In order to experience shame, a child must have developed a sense of self, or an awareness of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Thus, experiencing shame is an indicator that a child has a sense of self.

Question 15

The "terrible twos" are an indication of:

Accepted Answer

The "terrible twos" refers to a developmental stage where children begin to assert their independence and develop self-awareness, which can lead to tantrums and challenging behavior. It is not necessarily indicative of insecure attachment, negative identity, or parental insensitivity.

Question 16

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

Accepted Answer

At 3 years old, Annalee is less likely to compare herself to others and acknowledge differences like her sister being a faster runner. She is more likely to focus on her own abilities and characteristics.

Question 17

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self evident?

Accepted Answer

The answer of By what age is a rudimentary sense...

Question 18

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late-elementary-school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child?

Accepted Answer

The self-concept of a typical late elementary school child is less likely to involve positive illusions of abilities compared to a preschool child. As children grow older, they develop a more realistic understanding of their abilities, partly due to increased social comparisons and feedback from their environment. Preschool children, on the other hand, often overestimate their skills and abilities due to their cognitive developmental stage.

Question 19

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Marlon's face and then puts him in front of the mirror, he touches the spot on his face. When the experimenter shows Marlon a photo of himself alongside photos of two other boys his age, Marlon does not recognize himself. Marlon is MOST likely to be at what age?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot...

Question 20

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hina is a young adolescent. If asked...

Quiz 11: Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self