Question 1

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

Accepted Answer

The HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment, assessing aspects such as warmth, organization, learning materials, parental responsiveness, and more. The Simon-Binet and WISC are both intelligence tests, and the QFE (Quality of Family Interaction) is not as commonly used as the HOME.

Question 2

Which statement(s) about the effects of IQ score and years of education on amount of money earned is true? Statement A: Among people with comparable IQ scores, those who complete more years of education earn more money. Statement B: Among people with the same level of education, people with higher IQ scores earn more money.

Accepted Answer

Both Statement A and B are true. People who complete more years of education tend to earn more money, and among people with the same level of education, higher IQ scores are associated with higher earnings.

Question 3

Which statement about HOME scores is the BEST representation of current research?

Accepted Answer

Current research suggests that the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores have a positive correlation with IQ scores both at the same age and at a later age. This means that higher HOME scores are associated with higher IQ scores, and this relationship persists over time. However, it is important to note that correlation does not necessarily imply causation.

Question 4

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are _____ the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that the associations for children who are adopted are "lower than" the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

Question 5

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Scarr's process of evocative gene-environment correlation involves an individual's genetics evoking particular responses from other people, which then shape the individual's environment. This can manifest in children influencing other people's behavior, such as a child who is naturally outgoing and sociable eliciting more positive social interactions from adults.

Question 6

Phoebe is in eighth grade and is 13 years 6 months old. Nancy is also in eighth grade and is 13 years 7 months old. Trina is in ninth grade and is 13 years 8 months old. Research would indicate that:

Accepted Answer

Age is not the only factor in determining IQ scores. Therefore, it is not possible to determine who has the higher IQ based solely on age. However, since Nancy and Phoebe are closer in age and in the same grade level, their IQ scores are likely to be more similar compared to Trina's, who is a grade level higher and slightly older. Therefore, Nancy's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Trina's IQ score.

Question 7

The influence of the shared environment _____ with age; the influence of the nonshared environment _____ with age.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that the influence of the shared environment (such as family upbringing) decreases with age, while the influence of the nonshared environment (such as unique life experiences) increases with age. This pattern may be due to individuals seeking out and creating more unique environments and experiences as they age, leading to more diverse influences on development.

Question 8

Which statement is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding?

Accepted Answer

The active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding refers to the child's inherent interest and ability in science. In this case, Sally's interest in science is likely influenced by her genetic predisposition towards curiosity and intellectual pursuits.

Question 9

The lessening of rules in a particular family for each subsequent child is an example of the:

Accepted Answer

The lessening of rules for subsequent children is an example of the nonshared environment because it is a factor that affects the development of one child differently than it does another. It is not a shared environmental factor because it is not affecting all children in the same way.

Question 10

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

While there is a strong association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores, it is not possible to confirm a causal relationship with certainty. Other factors, such as genetics, also play a role in determining IQ.

Question 11

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that for children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment (such as nutrition and exposure to environmental toxins) is stronger than the influence of genetics on IQ scores. In contrast, for children living in affluent families, the influence of genetics is stronger than the influence of the shared environment. This can be due to differences in access to resources and opportunities that can influence cognitive development.

Question 12

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the:

Accepted Answer

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs because the child inherits genes from their biological parents that influence their environment. For example, a child may inherit musical ability from their parents, which leads their parents to provide them with opportunities to learn music, thus shaping their environment. This effect is passive because the child has no control over the genes they inherit, and the environment is shaped as a result of the genetic overlap between the child and their biological parents.

Question 13

The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the heritability of intelligence increases with age, indicating that both brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments may play a role in this change. While genetics may play a larger role in determining intelligence in younger years, environmental factors and individual choices become increasingly important as one grows older.

Question 14

With age, adopted children's IQ scores and the IQ scores of their biological parents become _____ correlated because of _____ gene-environment interactions.

Accepted Answer

With age, adopted children's IQ scores tend to become more correlated with their biological parents' IQ scores due to active (children seeking environments that fit their genetic tendencies) and evocative (children evoking responses from their environment that are consistent with their genetics) gene-environment interactions.

Question 15

Considering the research on the influence of schooling on IQ, which statement would be the BEST advice to give to a city's board of education?

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that longer periods of schooling can increase IQ. Therefore, lengthening the school year by shortening the summer vacation would have the greatest potential to positively impact IQ scores. The other options do not address the length of time spent in school, and therefore may not have as significant an impact on IQ.

Question 16

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family.

Accepted Answer

The passive gene-environment correlation refers to the association between the genetic makeup of parents and the environment they provide to their children. For children who are adopted and raised outside their biological family, this process is not relevant because their adoptive environment is not influenced by their biological parents' genes.

Question 17

The genetic contribution to intelligence:

Accepted Answer

The genetic contribution to intelligence becomes greater as individuals get older. This phenomenon, often referred to as the "Wilson Effect," suggests that the influence of genes on intelligence increases with age, as environmental factors become more constant and the individual's genetic predispositions have more opportunity to manifest.

Question 18

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The uncertainty about the causal nature of...

Question 19

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated.

Accepted Answer

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children tend to become more correlated with their biological parents, reflecting the genetic contribution to intelligence. Conversely, the correlation with their adoptive parents, who contribute to the child's environment rather than their genetics, tends to decrease.

Question 20

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the school year, the achievement test...

Quiz 8: Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement