Question 1

) Venlafaxine and Duloxetine are the generic names of two _____.

Accepted Answer

Venlafaxine and Duloxetine are both SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), which means they work by increasing the levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. This is different from SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) which only increase levels of serotonin. They are not tricyclic antidepressants or MAOIs.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true of tricyclic antidepressants?

Accepted Answer

Tricyclic antidepressants can cause cardiac arrhythmias in people with pre-existing heart problems, which can be fatal. Therefore, these medications should be used with caution and under close medical supervision. Choices A, B and C are incorrect as tricyclic antidepressants are potentially fatal in overdose, they are not used as often these days, and their side effects are not related to the neurotransmitter secretin.

Question 3

Which of the following affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs?

Accepted Answer

Bupropion affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs. Effexor and Cymbalta also affect norepinephrine and dopamine systems, but they may not necessarily overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs. Remeron affects serotonin and norepinephrine systems, but may cause sedation and weight gain.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of drug treatments for depression?

Accepted Answer

Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first 6 to 9 months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression. A, B, and D are all incorrect statements.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about the newer methods of brain stimulation?

Accepted Answer

In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is indeed implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall. A, B, and C are incorrect statements. Patients undergoing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) do not require anesthesia, as it is a non-invasive procedure using a magnetic field to stimulate the brain. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been found to increase activity in the amygdala and, in some cases, the hypothalamus. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets specific areas of the brain, not several areas, and patients are usually awake during the procedure.

Question 6

Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist tells him that his treatment will be short-term, and will entail identifying the circumstances that precipitate his depressive symptoms. Luke is most likely undergoing _____.

Accepted Answer

The focus on identifying specific triggers or antecedents of Luke's depressive symptoms suggests he is undergoing behavior therapy, which is often a short-term treatment modality that aims to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns. Existential therapy is more focused on developing a client's sense of purpose and meaning in life, while psychodynamic therapy is typically longer-term and involves exploring underlying unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysis is a specific type of psychodynamic therapy that often involves free association and exploration of early childhood experiences.

Question 7

The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. This risk may be greatest for:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior is highest for children and adolescents taking SSRIs. The agitation and restlessness caused by the medication may contribute to this increased risk. While adults and elderly individuals may also experience side effects from SSRIs, the suicide risk is highest in children and adolescents.

Question 8

_____ can cause diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction and can contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Lithium has been linked to causing diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction. It is also known to contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy. MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRIs do not have these specific known side effects.

Question 9

Stewart has been warned by his psychiatrist not to miss any of his medication-check appointments. The drug he is taking can be lethal if not monitored properly. Which of the following drugs is Stewart most likely taking?

Accepted Answer

Lithium is known to have a narrow therapeutic window and requires careful monitoring of blood levels to prevent toxicity. Missing medication-check appointments can lead to fatal consequences. Anticonvulsants, tricyclics, and MAOIs also require monitoring, but they are not as lethal as lithium if not monitored properly.

Question 10

When people first begin taking a(n) _____, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."

Accepted Answer

The side effects of feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin" are commonly associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This is due to the fact that SSRIs affect the level of serotonin in the brain, which can impact mood and anxiety levels. TCAs and SNRIs can also cause side effects such as jitteriness, but they may not be as commonly reported as with SSRIs. MAOIs are not typically used as initial treatments for depression due to their potential for serious side effects.

Question 11

Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder?

Accepted Answer

While family dynamics and relationships may play a role in some mental health conditions, enmeshed families have not been specifically implicated in bipolar disorder. Sensitivity to reward, changes in bodily rhythms, and stressful events have all been identified as potential psychological factors involved in bipolar disorder.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of light therapy?

Accepted Answer

Light therapy is a treatment for seasonal affective disorder that uses exposure to bright light to reset circadian rhythms, which may be disrupted during the winter months. It has been found to be effective in reducing symptoms in many individuals, including those with moderate to severe cases of the disorder. Melatonin levels are actually decreased by light therapy, and serotonin levels are not the primary mechanism of action.

Question 13

What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?

Accepted Answer

The goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression are to change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills. This includes identifying and challenging negative thoughts and replacing them with more rational and positive ones, as well as developing problem-solving and coping strategies to manage and reduce depressive symptoms.

Question 14

Which of the following anticonvulsants tends to produce the fewest side effects?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following anticonvulsants tends to...

Question 15

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Accepted Answer

Unilateral ECT, which is administered to only one side of the brain, can still cause memory problems in those who undergo the treatment.

Question 16

In the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

Accepted Answer

SSRIs have positive effects on many co-occurring symptoms, such as anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, in addition to treating depression. While they can have side effects, such as nausea and sexual dysfunction, they are generally well-tolerated. While any medication can be potentially fatal in overdose, SSRIs are not more likely to be fatal than other antidepressants.

Question 17

Belinda has been warned not to mix her antidepressant medication with certain over-the-counter drugs. She has also been told to watch her consumption of aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's is most likely taking _____.

Accepted Answer

MAOIs (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) are a type of antidepressant medication that can have dangerous interactions with certain over-the-counter drugs and foods containing tyramine, such as aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's warning suggests that she is taking MAOIs.

Question 18

Anticonvulsants may work by restoring the balance between the neurotransmitter systems in the _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Anticonvulsants may work by restoring the balance...

Question 19

Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist begins by helping him discover the negative automatic thoughts that he habitually exhibits and how these thoughts are connected to his depression. Luke is encouraged to challenge these thoughts and his therapist helps him to develop skills such as assertiveness to help him cope better in his daily life. The therapy Luke is most likely receiving is _____.

Accepted Answer

Luke's therapy involves identifying and challenging negative automatic thoughts, as well as developing coping skills, which are key aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 20

In the treatment of mood disorders, which of the following is the first phase of behavior therapy that helps the therapist pinpoint the behaviors and interaction patterns that need to be the focus of therapy?

Accepted Answer

Functional analysis is the first phase of behavior therapy that helps the therapist identify the specific behaviors and interaction patterns that need to be addressed. This involves analyzing the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of problematic behaviors to identify the triggers and maintaining factors of the problem. Choices A, B, and D do not relate to the first phase of behavior therapy for mood disorders.

Quiz 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide