Question 1

A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development.

Accepted Answer

The organismic model of development suggests that development is internally initiated by an organism's own biological processes, such as genetic factors, which fits the description of researching genes controlling aging.

Question 2

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes:

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development includes culture, nationality, and the economic structure. This level of the ecological model is about the broader societal and cultural contexts in which the individual is embedded.

Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 3

A young woman joins her university's intramural tennis team because it's a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so. It turns out that she's virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team's roster. This example illustrates which process in individual-environment interactions?

Accepted Answer

The young woman's decision to join the tennis team based on her personal interest and desire to try the sport represents niche-picking, which is the process of actively seeking out environments that match one's individual characteristics and interests.

Question 4

According to research cited in your text, university students most likely to hold negative views of the elderly are those who:

Accepted Answer

According to the research cited in the text, university students who identify with their own age group are most likely to hold negative views of the elderly. This could be due to a perceived cultural divide between generations or feelings of competition for resources such as jobs. Volunteering in personal care/nursing homes or having grandparents may actually increase empathy and positive attitudes toward older adults. Identifying with extended family members could go either way and is not specifically mentioned in the research.

Question 5

In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the system that has the most direct impact on the individual as it includes the individual's immediate environment such as family, peers, and school. Other systems (mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem) may indirectly influence the individual through their impact on the microsystem.

Question 6

A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development?

Accepted Answer

The life course perspective emphasizes that development is influenced by historical and sociocultural context, as well as individual choice and agency. This woman's concern about her career advancement at age 35 may be influenced by broader cultural expectations and norms about what a successful career trajectory looks like.

Question 7

According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by:

Accepted Answer

The plasticity principle states that individuals can alter their own development, and research has shown that engaging in physical and mental exercise can positively impact cognitive functioning and brain plasticity. Therefore, choice D, engaging in physical and mental exercise, is the best answer. The other choices are either not relevant to the plasticity principle or not supported by research as effective ways to alter one's own development.

Question 8

Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community?

Accepted Answer

The reciprocal model of development emphasizes the mutual influence individuals have on each other within their environment, including home, school, and community settings.

Question 9

The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The greatest emphasis on the environment is...

Question 10

The life-span perspective in development emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The life-span perspective in development emphasizes:
...

Question 11

Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories?

Accepted Answer

Organismic models of development focus on the biological aspects of aging, such as changes in cells and tissues as well as genetic influences. As a result, they are most likely to include biological theories of aging.

Question 12

Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother's pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child's body.

Accepted Answer

The research on genetic explanations of behavior has shown that stress during a mother's pregnancy can lead to changes in the proteins of the developing child's body. This is known as epigenetic changes, where environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. These changes in protein expression can have long-lasting effects on the child's behavior and health.

Question 13

In the Whitehall II study, the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner's model?

Accepted Answer

The Whitehall II study provided evidence of a sociocultural influence on development, as it demonstrated that social class was related to physical functioning. This fits within Bronfenbrenner's model, which emphasizes the importance of the broader social context in shaping development.

Question 14

An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers. It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working. They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging?

Accepted Answer

The continuity theory of aging suggests that individuals strive to maintain a consistent pattern of behavior in terms of habits, roles, and relationships throughout their lives. In this scenario, the older adult couple appears to be maintaining a similar role as volunteers that they had as teachers. This suggests that they find satisfaction in maintaining continuity in their lives.

Question 15

The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The life span perspective views development as a continuous process that occurs throughout the entire lifespan, from infancy to old age. It emphasizes that development is influenced by multiple factors, including biological, psychological, and social influences, and that development is not limited to particular stages or periods of life. The gerontological perspective specifically focuses on the study of aging and the elderly, while the contextual and sociocultural perspectives emphasize the importance of considering the social and cultural contexts in which development occurs.

Question 16

The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the:

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem refers to the changes that occur over time in a person's life, as well as changes in the historical context in which they live. This includes changes in technology, social norms, and historical events, all of which can have an impact on development. The other options (social clock, age strata, and macrosystem) do not specifically refer to changes over time.

Question 17

In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the immediate environment that the individual directly interacts with, such as family, school, and peers. This system has the most direct impact on the individual's development as it is where they directly participate and engage in activities, relationships, and experiences.

Question 18

To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field.

Accepted Answer

The term developmental science is increasingly used in the field to indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time. This term encompasses a multidisciplinary approach, including aspects of psychology, biology, sociology, and more, to study developmental changes throughout the lifespan.

Question 19

The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory?

Accepted Answer

The idea that older adults are more satisfied when they disengage from former social roles and involvements is consistent with the disengagement theory. This theory suggests that as individuals age, they gradually withdraw from their previous roles and become more focused on their inner lives, which ultimately leads to greater life satisfaction. The other options (activity, mechanistic, and ecological) do not emphasize the importance of disengagement from previous roles for successful aging.

Question 20

The idea of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model.

Accepted Answer

The concept of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is part of the social clock model. This model suggests that there is a socially defined timeline for certain life milestones, such as completing education, starting a career, getting married, having children, and retiring. Individuals who meet these milestones within the expected timeframe are considered to be "on-time," while those who deviate from the timeline may experience social pressure or judgment. The social clock is a key factor in shaping individuals' sense of identity and their ability to adapt to societal norms and expectations.

Quiz 2: Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood

A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes:

According to research cited in your text, university students most likely to hold negative views of the elderly are those who:

In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development?

According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by:

Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community?

The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development?

The life-span perspective in development emphasizes:

Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories?

Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother's pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child's body.

In the Whitehall II study, the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner's model?

The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective.

The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the:

In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field.

The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory?

The idea of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model.