Question 1

The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic?

Accepted Answer

The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that people who have more than one category of minority status (such as being both older and a person of color or older and LGBTQ+) will experience more severe ageism than those who only have one minority status.

Question 2

The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss?

Accepted Answer

According to the selective optimization with compensation model, older adults focus their efforts on the abilities that are most important to them while putting less emphasis on areas where they may have experienced a decline. This allows them to compensate for any losses and maintain their overall level of function. Seeking help from younger adults (A) or disengaging from social roles (D) would not be a productive strategy for coping with loss, and while some older adults may need to adjust their goals (C), the model suggests that they continue to strive towards achieving them.

Question 3

In the process called identity ______________, people make use of negative information about themselves and acknowledge these areas of weakness to facilitate change and thereby enhance their sense of self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the process called identity ______________, people...

Question 4

In process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is known as identity accommodation. It involves the ability to integrate challenging or negative experiences or feedback into one's self-concept without feeling overwhelmed or threatened. The other answer choices (assimilation, reflection, balance) do not accurately describe this particular process.

Question 5

A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning?

Accepted Answer

A person using the process of identity balance would likely view age-related changes in physical functioning as a natural part of aging and would strive to maintain a stable sense of self despite any decline or loss. This could involve adjusting activities or finding new ways to engage in physical exercise, but the focus would be on accepting and adapting to the changes rather than becoming upset or denying their existence. Giving up entirely on physical exercise would not be consistent with the process of identity balance.

Question 6

The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that:

Accepted Answer

The modernization hypothesis proposes that as societies become more advanced and industrialized, they begin to value people for their productivity and contribution to society. As a result, older adults who are no longer able to contribute to the workforce are devalued and seen as a burden. This is reflected in negative attitudes and stereotypes about aging and older adults. Therefore, societies that place a high value on productivity and contribution are likely to have more negative attitudes toward older adults.

Question 7

The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study?

Accepted Answer

Genome-wide association is the behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders. Option A, genome-wide linkage, involves mapping genetic traits to specific chromosomal regions. Option B, mutation analysis, involves identifying specific mutations that cause a genetic disorder. Option D, random error investigation, is not a valid behavioral genetics method.

Question 8

As proposed by terror management theory, the cause of ageism can be traced to:

Accepted Answer

Terror management theory suggests that people's fear of their own mortality leads to the development of defensive cultural beliefs and attitudes, such as ageism. In other words, ageism can be viewed as a way of denying the reality of one's own aging and eventual death.

Question 9

People who find it difficult to establish long-lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships would be considered, in Erikson's theory, to be high on which specific quality?

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's theory, the quality associated with difficulty in establishing long-lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships is isolation. This is one of the stages of the psychosocial development theory, where individuals develop their sense of identity, trust, autonomy, industry, peer relationships, intimacy, generativity, ego integrity.

Question 10

An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, in Erikson's theory, might be confronting which situation?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the second stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which typically occurs during toddlerhood. However, it can also be relevant in later adulthood when individuals face limitations on their independence, such as having to move to a nursing home. The other options may involve different stages or developmental issues more closely related to other stages.

Question 11

People who resolve the industry vs. inferiority issue associated with Erikson's psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, resolving the industry vs. inferiority issue during the stage of middle childhood (ages 6-11) involves developing a sense of competence in one's abilities and skills. Those who resolve this issue unfavorably may struggle with identifying with the work ethic and experiencing achievement in their work or school-related endeavors. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Options B, C, and D are not directly related to the industry vs. inferiority issue.

Question 12

In Erikson's theory, which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity?

Accepted Answer

Generativity refers to a concern for future generations and a desire to help them. Mentoring a younger colleague is an example of a behavior that shows this concern and desire. Becoming independent from one's parents (A) is more related to autonomy and identity formation in early adulthood. Investing in a risky new financial venture (C) may or may not be related to generativity, as it depends on the motivation behind the investment (such as whether it is to secure financial stability for the next generation or solely for personal gain). Appreciating a beautiful work of art (D) is not necessarily related to generativity, as it does not involve actions towards future generations.

Question 13

According to your text, a study of seven large Canadian cities found that the major barrier to older adults' quality of life was:

Accepted Answer

The study identified pervasive ageism as the major barrier to older adults' quality of life in Canadian cities.

Question 14

A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game. According to Erikson, this man would be high in the quality of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A man in his 50s finds that...

Question 15

The ________ theory refers to deleterious changes in cells of the body's connective tissue such as skins, tendons, muscles, and cartilage.

Accepted Answer

The term "cross linking" is specifically used to describe the formation of abnormal and non-functional protein structures in the connective tissue, leading to aging and disease. Free radical theory refers to damage caused by reactive oxygen species, error catastrophe theory refers to the accumulation of random genetic errors, and autoimmune theory refers to the body's immune system attacking its own tissues.

Question 16

A 70-year-old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels, would be considered to show which identity process?

Accepted Answer

Identity assimilation involves maintaining a consistent self-view despite evidence to the contrary, as seen in the refusal to acknowledge hearing impairment.

Question 17

The multiple threshold model of aging predicts that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner.

Accepted Answer

The multiple threshold model of aging suggests that individuals will experience challenges to their identities in a stepwise manner. This means that aging individuals will encounter challenges or changes that force them to adapt and adjust to new roles and expectations at discrete points in time throughout the aging process.

Question 18

In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model, older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement.

Accepted Answer

The Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) model proposes that older adults prioritize and focus on abilities that they are stronger in, while compensating for losses in other areas. It suggests that older adults should cut down on the abilities they are weak in and make up with the abilities they are more competent in or have greater potential for improvement, which is the process of compensation.

Question 19

When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches, they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding. According to Piaget, this process is called:

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process described by Piaget where individuals integrate new information into their existing frameworks or schemas. This often involves modifying or interpreting the new information in such a way that it fits with what they already know, rather than changing their schemas to accommodate the new information.

Question 20

The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as ______________

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in a specific task or situation. It plays a crucial role in motivation, behavior, and achievement. Self-efficacy is shaped by past experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and physical and emotional states.

Quiz 2: Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood