Question 1

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Both automatic and controlled processing can lead to consequential errors. While automatic processing can lead to errors due to biases and heuristics, controlled processing can lead to errors due to limited working memory or distractions.

Question 2

When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss,her grandmother said,"Now,Jana.Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to

Accepted Answer

The phrase "Don't cry over spilled milk" is a common idiom used to advise someone not to worry or regret something that has already happened and cannot be changed. It is a way of telling Jana to stop engaging in counterfactual thinking, which is the process of imagining alternative outcomes that could have happened if different decisions were made in the past. The grandmother is suggesting that Jana should accept the loss of her necklace and move on, rather than dwelling on how she could have avoided it.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

This statement is false because people can make reasoning errors in both automatic and controlled processing modes. Automatic processing is fast and efficient but can lead to errors due to heuristics and biases, while controlled processing is slower but can also lead to errors if the person is lacking in relevant knowledge or is not able to fully process the information.

Question 4

It is ____ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because ____.

Accepted Answer

Missing a bus by a mere five minutes is often more distressing because it's easier to imagine the small changes you could have made to catch it, such as leaving a few minutes earlier or walking a bit faster, which can lead to feelings of frustration or regret.

Question 5

You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped."If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest,I'd have done much better," you think to yourself.You have just engaged in

Accepted Answer

The scenario involves imagining an alternative reality where the person did start studying earlier and got a good night's rest, which is an example of counterfactual thinking. The person is thinking about how things could have been different if they had taken different actions, which is a common response to negative outcomes. Self-justification involves making excuses for one's own behavior or actions, which is not present in this scenario. Wish fulfillment and unrealistic fantasy involve imagining highly unlikely or impossible scenarios, which is also not applicable here.

Question 6

Which of the following decisions would you be least likely to make via automatic processing? A decision about

Accepted Answer

A decision about what major to pursue is a complex and important one that requires active and deliberate processing. It involves considering various factors such as personal interests, career goals, and job market demands. It is unlikely that one would make such a decision using automatic processing, which typically involves quick and effortless responses to simple and familiar stimuli. The other options (A, B, and D) are relatively simple decisions that can be made through automatic processing based on past experiences or preferences.

Question 7

People tend to have ____ emotional reactions the ____ it is to "mentally undo" an outcome.

Accepted Answer

The closer an outcome is in time, the stronger the emotional reaction tends to be. It is also easier to mentally undo outcomes that are recent or fresh in our minds.

Question 8

You were supposed to make an important presentation at work,but you overslept,the bus was late,and you missed the meeting.If you are able to generate many ways in which to "undo" this terrible outcome,you will experience ____ emotional reaction.

Accepted Answer

Missing an important presentation at work can cause strong negative emotions such as anxiety or frustration. Generating many ways to undo the situation could lead to a strong emotional reaction as it shows a high level of effort and concern about the situation.

Question 9

In short,counterfactual thinking can be described as

Accepted Answer

Counterfactual thinking involves mentally reconstructing the past, imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes, and considering what could have been done differently. Choice B is incorrect as counterfactual thinking is not necessarily associated with enhancing self-esteem. Choice C is incorrect as counterfactual thinking involves considering how things could have turned out differently, not how they couldn't have. Choice D is incorrect as counterfactual thinking is not always the most rational response to an undesirable outcome; sometimes it can lead to regret or unproductive rumination.

Question 10

According to the text,racial profiling (when the police and security officials stop pedestrians,motorists,and airline passengers on the basis of their race),is probably due to ____ because ____.

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing allows for sufficient processing time and motivation for decisions, which is likely necessary for the complex decision-making involved in profiling individuals based on their race. Automatic processing, as mentioned in options A and B, may play a role in the speed of decision-making but does not explain the cognitive processes behind racial profiling. Option D suggests too many distracting influences, which is not supported by the evidence presented in the text.

Question 11

To use controlled processing,we need all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing refers to deliberate, effortful thinking that requires attention and focus, often used for complex tasks. While having a high level of intelligence may be helpful, it is not a requirement for engaging in controlled processing.

Question 12

What is the major advantage of processing information automatically?

Accepted Answer

Processing information automatically frees up cognitive resources that can be used for more important tasks or decisions.

Question 13

Assume that the winning lottery ticket was purchased at the convenience store just around the corner from your house.According to research on counterfactual thinking,you would probably feel worse than if the winning ticket had been purchased all the way across the state,because

Accepted Answer

Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative scenarios that could have happened but did not. In this case, if the winning lottery ticket had been purchased all the way across the state, it may be more difficult for the individual to imagine how they could have possibly obtained the winning ticket. However, if the winning ticket was purchased at a convenience store close to their home, they may engage in counterfactual thinking and imagine all the missed opportunities they had to buy the ticket themselves. This could lead to feelings of regret and frustration. Choice A may also be a plausible explanation, but it is not explicitly stated in the scenario. Choices B and D do not directly relate to the concept of counterfactual thinking.

Question 14

Tom and Julius are both in line for a movie,but it sells out before either of them can get tickets.Tom is the last person in line,but Julius is directly behind the person who got the last ticket.Based on the idea of counterfactual reasoning,why will Julius be more upset than Tom?

Accepted Answer

Counterfactual reasoning involves imagining alternative scenarios that could have led to a different outcome. In this case, Julius can easily imagine scenarios where he could have gotten a ticket (such as if the person in front of him had bought one less ticket), whereas Tom was the last person in line and therefore may not have many alternative scenarios to imagine. This makes the situation potentially more frustrating or upsetting for Julius. A and B may also be valid reasons for Julius to be more upset, but C specifically addresses the concept of counterfactual reasoning. Answer D is incorrect because it is directly contradicted by the question prompt.

Question 15

Which of the following decisions would you be most likely to make via automatic processing? A decision about

Accepted Answer

Making a decision about which person to talk to at a cocktail party would likely be made via automatic processing, as it involves quick and non-deliberate judgments based on superficial characteristics such as appearance or perceived social status. The other options involve more complex considerations and would likely require more effortful and deliberate thinking.

Question 16

Which of the following is not true about the difference between automatic and controlled thinking? Automatic thinking tends to be ____,whereas controlled thinking tends to be ____.

Accepted Answer

The statement "automatic thinking tends to be inaccurate" is not true. While automatic thinking may be more prone to biases and heuristics, it is not necessarily inaccurate. Controlled thinking, on the other hand, is generally more deliberate and analytical, which may result in greater accuracy. The other options accurately describe the difference between automatic and controlled thinking.

Question 17

An important function of controlled thinking is to

Accepted Answer

Controlled thinking serves as a check on automatic processing by providing a conscious, intentional process that can override or correct any errors or biases caused by automatic processing. It does not necessarily replace automatic processing, but rather complements it by allowing for more deliberate and conscious decision making. Controlled thinking may sometimes be slower than automatic processing, but it can also lead to more accurate judgments and better outcomes in complex or novel situations.

Question 18

When Ashley first starts typing,she uses the "hunt and peck" method and finds typing very effortful.Now,after taking a typing class,she feels like her papers practically type themselves once she figures out what she wants to say.This change in her typing reflects

Accepted Answer

The shift from finding typing effortful to feeling like papers practically type themselves indicates that Ashley has gone from using controlled processing (the "hunt and peck" method) to automatic processing (after taking the typing class).

Question 19

Automatic thinking is ____ while controlled thinking is ____.

Accepted Answer

Automatic thinking is involuntary, meaning it happens without deliberate effort or control, while controlled thinking is voluntary, requiring conscious effort and attention.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best example of the practice of racial profiling?

Accepted Answer

Racial profiling involves targeting someone based on their perceived race or ethnicity, rather than on actual evidence of wrongdoing or suspicion. In this case, the security guards are removing the Hispanic teen from the store purely based on their perception that he looks suspicious, which is an example of racial profiling. The other options do not necessarily involve race or ethnicity as the determining factor for the actions taken.

Quiz 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

Which of the following statements is true?

When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss,her grandmother said,"Now,Jana.Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to

Which of the following statements is false?

It is to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because .

You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped."If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest,I'd have done much better," you think to yourself.You have just engaged in

Which of the following decisions would you be least likely to make via automatic processing? A decision about

People tend to have emotional reactions the it is to "mentally undo" an outcome.

You were supposed to make an important presentation at work,but you overslept,the bus was late,and you missed the meeting.If you are able to generate many ways in which to "undo" this terrible outcome,you will experience ____ emotional reaction.

In short,counterfactual thinking can be described as

According to the text,racial profiling (when the police and security officials stop pedestrians,motorists,and airline passengers on the basis of their race) ,is probably due to because .

To use controlled processing,we need all of the following except

What is the major advantage of processing information automatically?

Assume that the winning lottery ticket was purchased at the convenience store just around the corner from your house.According to research on counterfactual thinking,you would probably feel worse than if the winning ticket had been purchased all the way across the state,because

Tom and Julius are both in line for a movie,but it sells out before either of them can get tickets.Tom is the last person in line,but Julius is directly behind the person who got the last ticket.Based on the idea of counterfactual reasoning,why will Julius be more upset than Tom?

Which of the following decisions would you be most likely to make via automatic processing? A decision about

Which of the following is not true about the difference between automatic and controlled thinking? Automatic thinking tends to be ,whereas controlled thinking tends to be .

An important function of controlled thinking is to

When Ashley first starts typing,she uses the "hunt and peck" method and finds typing very effortful.Now,after taking a typing class,she feels like her papers practically type themselves once she figures out what she wants to say.This change in her typing reflects

Automatic thinking is while controlled thinking is .

Which of the following is the best example of the practice of racial profiling?

Quiz 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

Which of the following statements is true?

When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss,her grandmother said,"Now,Jana.Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to

Which of the following statements is false?

It is ____ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because ____.

You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped."If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest,I'd have done much better," you think to yourself.You have just engaged in

Which of the following decisions would you be least likely to make via automatic processing? A decision about

People tend to have ____ emotional reactions the ____ it is to "mentally undo" an outcome.

You were supposed to make an important presentation at work,but you overslept,the bus was late,and you missed the meeting.If you are able to generate many ways in which to "undo" this terrible outcome,you will experience ____ emotional reaction.

In short,counterfactual thinking can be described as

According to the text,racial profiling (when the police and security officials stop pedestrians,motorists,and airline passengers on the basis of their race) ,is probably due to ____ because ____.

To use controlled processing,we need all of the following except

What is the major advantage of processing information automatically?

Assume that the winning lottery ticket was purchased at the convenience store just around the corner from your house.According to research on counterfactual thinking,you would probably feel worse than if the winning ticket had been purchased all the way across the state,because

Tom and Julius are both in line for a movie,but it sells out before either of them can get tickets.Tom is the last person in line,but Julius is directly behind the person who got the last ticket.Based on the idea of counterfactual reasoning,why will Julius be more upset than Tom?

Which of the following decisions would you be most likely to make via automatic processing? A decision about

Which of the following is not true about the difference between automatic and controlled thinking? Automatic thinking tends to be ____,whereas controlled thinking tends to be ____.

An important function of controlled thinking is to

When Ashley first starts typing,she uses the "hunt and peck" method and finds typing very effortful.Now,after taking a typing class,she feels like her papers practically type themselves once she figures out what she wants to say.This change in her typing reflects

Automatic thinking is ____ while controlled thinking is ____.

Which of the following is the best example of the practice of racial profiling?

It is to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because .

People tend to have emotional reactions the it is to "mentally undo" an outcome.

According to the text,racial profiling (when the police and security officials stop pedestrians,motorists,and airline passengers on the basis of their race) ,is probably due to because .

Which of the following is not true about the difference between automatic and controlled thinking? Automatic thinking tends to be ,whereas controlled thinking tends to be .

Automatic thinking is while controlled thinking is .