Question 1

Athletes like Michael Jordan and Mia Hamm feel that they aren't great athletes,but that they became great through effort and hard work,and that they can continue to grow through effort.What type of mindset does this best exemplify?

Accepted Answer

The mindset being exemplified here is that of growth, where individuals believe that their abilities can be developed through effort and hard work. This is in contrast to a fixed mindset, where individuals believe that their abilities are set and cannot be changed.

Question 2

Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison?

Accepted Answer

Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to someone who is perceived as better in some way. Toni is reading the works of a renowned author to assess her own skills, implying that she is comparing herself to someone she perceives to be better than her in writing.

Question 3

Complete the analogy about mindsets: fixed mindset: ____ :: growth mindset: ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete the analogy about mindsets: fixed mindset:...

Question 4

____ posits that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theory posits that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people. It suggests that people have a drive to evaluate their opinions and abilities and often do so by comparing themselves to others. This comparison can either lead to upward or downward social comparison, depending on whether we compare ourselves with people who are better or worse than us.

Question 5

According to the authors of your text,which of the following is considered crucial to the development of the self-concept?

Accepted Answer

Social contact is considered crucial to the development of the self-concept. Through interactions with others, a person can learn about themselves, receive feedback, and develop a sense of identity. Introspection, intrinsic motivation, and self-perception may also play a role in self-concept development, but social contact is seen as the most important factor.

Question 6

Recall that in a variation of his other work with great apes,Gordon Gallup (1997)compared the ability of chimps reared in social groups and chimps reared in isolation to recognize themselves in the mirror.Gallup's results suggest that

Accepted Answer

Gallup's results suggest that for many primates, social interaction is crucial for developing a sense of self. This is because the chimpanzees reared in isolation did not seem to recognize themselves in the mirror, while those reared in social groups did. This implies that social interaction plays a role in developing self-awareness and the ability to differentiate oneself from others.

Question 7

Which of the following ways of understanding ourselves is social? We

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theory suggests that we learn about ourselves by comparing ourselves to others. Therefore, attending to other people's appraisals of us is a social way of understanding ourselves. The other options (A, B, and D) are more individualistic ways of self-understanding.

Question 8

Derek just found out that his sister is getting married,and had previously not experienced any arousal.According to the two-factor theory of emotion,Derek ____ feel emotions,and according to the appraisal theories of emotions,he ____ feel emotions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Derek just found out that his sister...

Question 9

When there are no objective criteria and we feel uncertain,with whom are we most likely to compare ourselves? According to research by Daniel Gilbert and his colleagues (1995),our initial impulse is to compare ourselves to

Accepted Answer

When there are no objective criteria, people tend to compare themselves to anyone who is readily available, as this is the most convenient and immediate option.

Question 10

Which person is not making a downward social comparison?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which person is not making a downward...

Question 11

Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist.To assess her potential,she would most likely compare herself to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mariana wonders whether she has the potential...

Question 12

Shellie has a growth mindset.She has just found out that she did poorly on an exam.Which of the following is she most likely to do?

Accepted Answer

Shellie's growth mindset will drive her to believe that her abilities can grow and develop through hard work and dedication. Therefore, she is most likely to try even harder to succeed on future exams rather than giving up, blaming the exam, or trying to cheat.

Question 13

Kevin just got a low grade on his term paper.If Kevin has a ____ mindset,he would be most likely to give up and reduce his efforts in the class,feeling as though he is just "a bad writer."

Accepted Answer

A fixed mindset is the belief that our abilities and intelligence are fixed and cannot be changed. Therefore, if Kevin has a fixed mindset, he is likely to believe that he is just a bad writer and cannot improve. This may lead him to give up and reduce his efforts in the class. A growth mindset, on the other hand, is the belief that our abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. With a growth mindset, Kevin would see this low grade as an opportunity to learn from his mistakes and improve his writing skills.

Question 14

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam,Markus texted two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material.Markus is engaging in

Accepted Answer

Markus is engaging in social comparison by comparing the amount of time he studied with that of his classmates. He is trying to establish a reference point for his own behaviors and decisions.

Question 15

Wood,Taylor,and Lichtman (1985)found that in order to feel more optimistic about their own futures,cancer patients engage in

Accepted Answer

Downward social comparison involves comparing oneself with others who are in a worse situation or less fortunate than oneself. Cancer patients may engage in this to feel more optimistic about their own futures by recognizing that there are others who are worse off than them. This helps them to feel better about their own situation and gives them hope.

Question 16

When there are no objective criteria to measure achievement,people often rely on ____ to evaluate how well they performed.

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is a process where individuals assess themselves by comparing themselves to others. When there are no objective criteria to measure achievement, people may compare themselves to others to evaluate their own performance. They may also compare their performance to their own previous performance or to their own expectations. Introspection, cognitive appraisal processes, and attribution of arousal may also play a role in evaluation, but social comparison is the most relevant in this context.

Question 17

According to research by Dweck,a ____ is more likely to promote success both athletically and academically.

Accepted Answer

According to research by Dweck, a growth mindset is more likely to promote success both athletically and academically. A growth mindset is the belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed and improved through hard work and dedication. In contrast, a fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence and abilities are set and cannot be changed, leading to less success and less willingness to take risks and try new things.

Question 18

The mindset that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow best describes a mindset.

Accepted Answer

The statement "our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow" aligns with the concept of a growth mindset, which is the belief that one's abilities and talents can be developed through dedication and hard work. The opposite of this is a fixed mindset (A), which is the belief that abilities are inherent traits that cannot be changed. Intrinsic (C) refers to being motivated by internal factors, while overjustification (D) is the undermining of intrinsic motivation by external rewards.

Question 19

A fixed mindset is the idea that abilities are

Accepted Answer

A fixed mindset is the belief that abilities and traits are unchangeable and predetermined, which can lead to a lack of motivation to improve or learn new things.

Question 20

In terms of appraisal theories of emotion,which types of appraisals are most important?

Accepted Answer

According to the appraisal theories of emotion, the most important appraisals are those that involve explaining the cause of the event and understanding the implications the event has for the individual. These types of appraisals are known as primary appraisals and are considered to be the initial evaluation of the event by the individual. Secondary appraisals, which involve evaluating coping strategies and potential actions, are also important, but they are dependent on the primary appraisals.

Quiz 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context