Question 1

One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments. The other reason is that

Accepted Answer

Attitudes are organized in a way that schema-consistent information is given more attention, meaning that people tend to filter information based on their preexisting beliefs and stereotypes. This makes it difficult for logical arguments to change stereotypes as they are often dismissed or ignored if they contradict preexisting beliefs.

Question 2

When a member of your in-group performs particularly well in a competition,you most likely

Accepted Answer

When a member of your in-group performs well, it reflects positively on the group and indirectly on you as a member of that group. This can lead to an increase in self-esteem.

Question 3

Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1976)counted the number of college insignia T-shirts worn by university students on the Monday after their teams played football.These researchers found that students were more likely to wear such shirts after victories than after losses.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

The fact that students were more likely to wear college insignia T-shirts after victories suggests that they identify with and take pride in their university or team, which is a key aspect of in-group identification.

Question 4

In the United States,the statement,"I'm proud to be an American" exemplifies a(n)

Accepted Answer

The statement "I'm proud to be an American" exemplifies in-group bias, as it expresses a positive attitude towards one's own national group and implies that being American is superior to being a member of other national groups.

Question 5

When prejudiced people say,"They all look alike to me," they are illustrating the

Accepted Answer

The statement "They all look alike to me" represents out-group homogeneity bias, which is the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than they really are. This bias can lead to stereotyping and prejudice against members of the out-group.

Question 6

Recall that Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski (1985)showed participants a debate between an African American and a European American and asked them to rate the debaters' skills.After the debate,in one condition,a confederate made a hostile racist comment about the debaters' skills; in another,a confederate made a nonracist comment; and in a third condition,no comment was made.These researchers found that when participants overheard a racist comment,their ratings of the African American were lower on a number of dimensions.The results suggest that

Accepted Answer

The study demonstrates that exposure to a racist comment (stereotype activation) affected participants' judgments of the African American debater (future judgments), indicating that stereotype activation can have lasting effects on perception and evaluation.

Question 7

According to the authors of your text,it is primarily the ____ aspect of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments.

Accepted Answer

According to the authors of the text, the emotional aspect of prejudiced attitudes, such as fear or anger, makes them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments. This is because emotional reactions to a particular group or individual can be very deeply ingrained and difficult to change through simple cognitive or logical persuasion.

Question 8

Recall that Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski (1985)showed participants a debate between an African American and a European American and asked them to rate the debaters' skills.After the debate,in one condition,a confederate made a hostile racist comment about the debaters' skills; in another,a confederate made a nonracist comment,and in a third condition,no comment was made.These researchers found that when participants overheard a racist comment,their ratings of the African American

Accepted Answer

Participants' ratings of the African American debater were lower on a number of dimensions (such as intelligence, speaking ability, and knowledge of the topic) when they overheard a racist comment, compared to when a nonracist comment or no comment was made. This effect was seen regardless of the participants' own racial attitudes or beliefs.

Question 9

An instructor divides her class into two groups: those who prefer chocolate candy,and those who prefer fruit- flavored candy.By doing this,the instructor has created

Accepted Answer

By dividing the class into two groups based on candy preference, the instructor has created minimal groups. Minimal groups are created when people are categorized into relatively arbitrary or meaningless groups, but this still leads to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination.

Question 10

Findings in research on stereotype activation suggest that for many people,

Accepted Answer

Research on stereotype activation suggests that for many people, stereotypes lurk just below the surface and can be activated even without conscious awareness or intention. This means that people may be influenced by stereotypes without even realizing it.

Question 11

____ refers to our tendency to view members of ____ as more similar to one another than they really are.

Accepted Answer

Out-group homogeneity refers to the perception that members of an out-group are more similar to each other than they really are. In contrast, in-group bias refers to the tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups, and in-group heterogeneity refers to the recognition of diversity within one's own group. Out-group heterogeneity refers to the recognition of diversity among members of an out-group.

Question 12

Marc and Barbara are part of a study group that gathers for lunch.They like sushi,but the other two members of the study group do not.Over time,Marc and Barbara come to feel that the other members do not work as hard as they do and are less friendly.This may be an effect of Marc and Barbara forming a(n)

Accepted Answer

The minimal group effect occurs when people form a bond or preference based on minimal or trivial similarities, such as liking sushi, leading to perceived differences with others.

Question 13

Recall that researchers (Henderson-King & Nisbett,1997)found that when an African-American confederate took one minor misstep,white participants were hesitant to interact with another African-American person. These results suggest that

Accepted Answer

The results suggest that stereotypes are easily activated and can affect behaviors. The minor misstep of one African-American confederate led to hesitation in interacting with another African-American person, indicating that preconceived notions and biases can overtly influence how individuals act and react to others.

Answer: D 
 The imperfect relation between prejudice and discrimination may be a factor in this scenario, as the hesitation to interact can be seen as a form of discrimination. However, the main takeaway from the study is the activation of stereotypes and their impact on behaviors, making answer choice A the stronger option.

B and C may be partially true and related to the study results, but they do not fully capture the main finding or offer as strong an explanation as A.

Question 14

Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture.Thus,members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes,but most

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are widely known within a culture, so even if individuals do not believe in them, they are generally aware of what these stereotypes are.

Question 15

Recall that researchers,starting with Katz and Braly (1933),examined the stereotypes held by Princeton students over the course of the twentieth century.Which of the following is false about these findings?

Accepted Answer

The false statement is that over the course of the twentieth century, people became less knowledgeable about what the stereotypes are. This is not supported by the findings of the research, which actually showed that people became more knowledgeable about stereotypes over time. Choices A and B are true, as there was generally consistency in stereotypes across individuals and ethnic stereotypes became less negative. Choice C is not necessarily true or false, as discomfort with the task may have varied among individuals and across time periods.

Question 16

Recall that British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982)divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether their artistic taste represented a "Klee style" or a "Kandinsky style." Tajfel designed such experiments to determine

Accepted Answer

Tajfel's experiments were designed to determine the minimal conditions required to establish in-group bias, which he found to be as little as minimal categorization. This means that people will exhibit favoritism towards members of their own group simply based on categorization, even if the categories are completely arbitrary. Therefore, Tajfel's experiments helped to demonstrate the power and pervasiveness of social categorization in shaping our attitudes and behaviors towards others.

Question 17

Juliet is Jewish,and is going on a date with a Catholic."Just don't bring up abortion-you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister.Juliet's sister is exhibiting the bias known as

Accepted Answer

Juliet's sister is making a generalization about all Catholics being pro-life, which is an example of out-group homogeneity bias. This bias assumes that members of a particular out-group (in this case, Catholics) are more similar to each other than they actually are, and ignores the diversity of opinions and beliefs within that group.

Question 18

British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982)asserted that in-group bias is

Accepted Answer

Tajfel argued that in-group bias is motivated by the desire to enhance self-esteem, and that people are more likely to favor their own group in order to feel better about themselves.

Question 19

Amelia is trying hard to explain to Ricardo why women should not be restricted to the home.Even though Ricardo has no firm basis for his beliefs,Amelia's logical arguments fail to persuade him in this case because

Accepted Answer

The answer of Amelia is trying hard to explain to...

Question 20

Recall that George Quattrone and Edward E.Jones (1980)showed rival Princeton and Rutgers students videotapes of decisions made by a male character.Half the time the character was allegedly from the participants' university,and half the time,he was from the rival university.Participants then predicted what percentage of students at that university would make a decision similar to the target's.In support of their "out-group homogeneity" hypothesis,Quattrone and Jones found that participants viewed one person's behavior as predictive of his group when

Accepted Answer

Quattrone and Jones found that participants viewed one person's behavior as predictive of his group when the target was a member of the rival school, supporting their "out-group homogeneity" hypothesis.

Quiz 13: Prejudice: Causes and Cures

One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments. The other reason is that

When a member of your in-group performs particularly well in a competition,you most likely

In the United States,the statement,"I'm proud to be an American" exemplifies a(n)

When prejudiced people say,"They all look alike to me," they are illustrating the

According to the authors of your text,it is primarily the ____ aspect of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments.

An instructor divides her class into two groups: those who prefer chocolate candy,and those who prefer fruit- flavored candy.By doing this,the instructor has created

Findings in research on stereotype activation suggest that for many people,

refers to our tendency to view members of as more similar to one another than they really are.

Recall that researchers (Henderson-King & Nisbett,1997) found that when an African-American confederate took one minor misstep,white participants were hesitant to interact with another African-American person. These results suggest that

Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture.Thus,members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes,but most

Recall that researchers,starting with Katz and Braly (1933) ,examined the stereotypes held by Princeton students over the course of the twentieth century.Which of the following is false about these findings?

Recall that British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether their artistic taste represented a "Klee style" or a "Kandinsky style." Tajfel designed such experiments to determine

Juliet is Jewish,and is going on a date with a Catholic."Just don't bring up abortion-you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister.Juliet's sister is exhibiting the bias known as

British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) asserted that in-group bias is

Amelia is trying hard to explain to Ricardo why women should not be restricted to the home.Even though Ricardo has no firm basis for his beliefs,Amelia's logical arguments fail to persuade him in this case because