Question 1

Many years ago,advertisers aired a TV commercial for decaffeinated coffee.A daughter complains to her mother,"Sure,you're tense and irritable,but don't take it out on me!" This commercial captures the essence of the ____ theory of prejudice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many years ago,advertisers aired a TV commercial...

Question 2

According to the text,in Nazi Germany,the Jews were used as ____,much like how Rev.Jerry Falwell views homosexuals in the U.S.currently.

Accepted Answer

In Nazi Germany, the Jews were used as scapegoats, blaming them for the country's problems and using them as a target for hatred and discrimination. Similarly, Rev. Jerry Falwell views homosexuals as scapegoats, blaming them for various societal issues and using them as a target for discrimination and exclusion.

Question 3

Recall that Ronnie Janoff-Bulman and her colleagues (1985)provided college student participants with a description of a woman's friendly behavior.In addition,some participants were told that the woman was raped by the man,whereas others were provided no such information.When participants judged the appropriateness of the woman's behavior,

Accepted Answer

Participants in the "rape" condition judged the woman's behavior as inappropriate. This demonstrates the common tendency for people to engage in victim-blaming when they learn that someone has been raped.

Question 4

When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior,we have actually created a(n)

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when our beliefs or expectations about a person or group lead us to act in ways that cause those beliefs or expectations to come true. In this case, our stereotypic expectations may cause us to interpret an out-group member's behavior in a way that confirms our beliefs, and may even cause us to behave in a way that reinforces those beliefs for future interactions. Therefore, we have created a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 5

Consider the following examples of prejudice: anti-Chinese prejudice in the United States after the transcontinental railroad was completed; anti-Mexican prejudice in the United States when agricultural jobs are scarce; anti-Turkish prejudice in Germany after reunification; anti-Arab and anti-Jew prejudice in the Middle East; and anti-immigrant prejudice during times of high unemployment.These examples best illustrate the ____ theory of prejudice.

Accepted Answer

The examples provided suggest that prejudice arises when groups compete for limited resources, which fits the realistic conflict theory of prejudice. This theory suggests that prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources, leading to hostility and negative attitudes toward the outgroup.

Question 6

____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter- group conflict.

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter-group conflict. This theory suggests that prejudice arises as a result of competition between groups for limited resources, such as jobs or housing. As a result, individuals may develop negative attitudes and beliefs about members of other groups in order to justify their own group's access to resources.

Question 7

Research has shown that when fate (e.g.,a flip of a coin)determines the allocation of rewards for completing a task,participants will often

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that when rewards are allocated by chance, individuals may rationalize the outcome by convincing themselves that the "loser" did not contribute equally or fairly to the task at hand. This cognitive bias helps them justify the unequal distribution of rewards.

Question 8

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961)created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate.To do this,the researchers first ____ and then ____.

Accepted Answer

The researchers first created in-group cohesiveness by allowing the boys to bond within their groups, and then set up a series of competitive situations between the groups to generate intergroup hostility.

Question 9

Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S.When they were competing with Caucasians during the Gold Rush,they were seen ____,but when they were helping construct the transcontinental railroad,they were seen ____.

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory suggests that competition between different groups for limited resources leads to conflict, prejudice, and discrimination. During the Gold Rush in the mid-19th century, Chinese immigrants competed with Caucasian Americans for jobs and economic opportunities, leading to negative perceptions and hostility towards them. However, when many Chinese immigrants were employed to help construct the transcontinental railroad, they were seen more favorably, as their labor was valued and essential to the project's success. Therefore, A) favorably; unfavorably is incorrect, as Chinese immigrants were not seen favorably during the Gold Rush. B) neutrally; unfavorably is incorrect, as Chinese immigrants were not seen neutrally during either period. D) favorably; neutrally is incorrect, as Chinese immigrants were not seen neutrally during the Gold Rush period.

Question 10

Recall that Carl Word,Mark Zanna,and Joel Cooper (1974)tested the self-fulfilling prophecy as it relates to prejudice.They observed the differential behaviors of Anglo-American interviewers who interviewed either African-American or Anglo-American job candidates.They then trained other interviewers to manifest these two different interview styles.When the new interviewers later interviewed Anglo-American job applicants,the applicants who were treated as African Americans in the first study

Accepted Answer

The study found that job applicants who were treated as African Americans by the interviewers actually behaved in less effective and comfortable ways. This supports the idea that self-fulfilling prophecies can affect individuals' behavior and performance.

Question 11

According to realistic conflict theory,prejudice and discrimination often follow from

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice and discrimination arise when different groups compete for scarce resources. This competition creates a sense of threat and hostility, leading to negative attitudes and behaviors towards the out-group. The other options, negative stereotypes, losing out-group status, and frustration, may also contribute to prejudice and discrimination, but they are not central to the realistic conflict theory.

Question 12

Scapegoating is most likely to occur when the majority group is ____ and the group being scapegoated is ____.

Accepted Answer

Scapegoating tends to occur when the majority group feels frustrated or powerless and blames a visible and relatively powerless group for their problems. This allows the majority group to redirect their anger and frustration onto a specific target.

Question 13

A number of colleges,universities,and corporations are encouraged to hire equally qualified women and minorities for high status positions.In support of this practice,some argue that the paucity of women and minorities inadvertently communicates to students and workers that members of these groups are not as competent or worthy of consideration.In essence,those who support the diversification of the workforce point to ____ as a source of negative stereotypes and prejudice.

Accepted Answer

Institutional racism and sexism refers to the ways in which organizations and institutions have policies, practices, and cultures that create and perpetuate barriers for women and minorities to advance and succeed. This can lead to negative stereotypes and prejudice against these groups, which is why some argue that diversifying the workforce is necessary to combat these issues. Realistic conflict theory suggests that competition between groups for resources can lead to prejudice and stereotyping, while scapegoating involves blaming a specific group for problems or issues. Affirmative action is a policy that seeks to actively address discrimination and promote diversity through measures such as hiring quotas or outreach programs. While affirmative action is related to the diversification of the workforce, it is not specifically referenced in this question.

Question 14

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961)created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Once in-group cohesiveness was established,they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games.Conflict between the two groups escalated.This field study provided support for the ____ theory of prejudice.

Accepted Answer

The experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues supports the realistic conflict theory of prejudice, which states that prejudice arises between groups due to competition over limited resources. The competitive situations set up by Sherif and his colleagues led to conflict between the two groups, suggesting that such situations can increase intergroup hostility and prejudice.

Question 15

In the U.S.,when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce,realistic conflict theory would predict that

Accepted Answer

According to the realistic conflict theory, when resources are limited and competition for those resources is high, it leads to intergroup conflict and prejudice against outgroups. Therefore, in times of economic hardship and job scarcity, there will likely be more prejudice against minorities.

Question 16

The process whereby frustrated and angry people displace their aggression from its real source to a convenient target is called

Accepted Answer

The answer of The process whereby frustrated and angry people...

Question 17

Fiona isn't really sure what to believe about Indian immigrants to England,but she knows what her parents and friends think.Because she is concerned with being accepted by these important people in her life,Fiona adopts their beliefs and feelings about this out-group.This example best illustrates ____ as a source of prejudicial attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Normative conformity refers to conforming to group norms to be accepted or liked by the group. In this scenario, Fiona adopts the beliefs and feelings of her parents and friends to be accepted by them, even though she is not sure whether those beliefs are accurate or not.

Question 18

One of the hazards of institutional racism and institutional sexism as sources of negative stereotypes and prejudice is that they are

Accepted Answer

Institutional racism and sexism are often so deeply ingrained in social structures and systems that they can be subtler and more insidious than overt forms of discrimination. This can lead individuals to hold biased attitudes and beliefs without even realizing it, perpetuating negative stereotypes and prejudice.

Question 19

Prejudice may be maintained by ____ normative rules.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice can be maintained by conformity to normative rules, meaning that individuals may continue to hold prejudiced beliefs and attitudes because they conform to the social norms and expectations of their group or community. This can create a self-reinforcing cycle of prejudice, where individuals feel pressure to conform to the group's beliefs, even if those beliefs are prejudiced or discriminatory. Ultimately, changing or challenging these normative rules is necessary to combat prejudice and promote greater acceptance and tolerance.

Question 20

The major difference between the scapegoat theory of prejudice and the realistic conflict theory of prejudice is that the scapegoat theory is applicable when

Accepted Answer

The scapegoat theory of prejudice suggests that individuals or groups who are frustrated and unable to achieve their goals may blame others who are less powerful or disliked as a way to cope with their own frustrations. In this theory, the target of prejudice is chosen based on their perceived powerlessness or low status, rather than any actual conflict between groups. The realistic conflict theory, on the other hand, suggests that prejudice arises when groups compete for resources that they both need, resulting in hostility and negative attitudes towards the out-group. Therefore, the major difference between the two theories is that the scapegoat theory focuses on targeting powerless victims while the realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from actual conflict between groups.

Quiz 13: Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Many years ago,advertisers aired a TV commercial for decaffeinated coffee.A daughter complains to her mother,"Sure,you're tense and irritable,but don't take it out on me!" This commercial captures the essence of the ____ theory of prejudice.

According to the text,in Nazi Germany,the Jews were used as ____,much like how Rev.Jerry Falwell views homosexuals in the U.S.currently.

When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior,we have actually created a(n)

____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter- group conflict.

Research has shown that when fate (e.g.,a flip of a coin) determines the allocation of rewards for completing a task,participants will often

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate.To do this,the researchers first and then .

Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S.When they were competing with Caucasians during the Gold Rush,they were seen ,but when they were helping construct the transcontinental railroad,they were seen .

According to realistic conflict theory,prejudice and discrimination often follow from

Scapegoating is most likely to occur when the majority group is and the group being scapegoated is .

In the U.S.,when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce,realistic conflict theory would predict that

The process whereby frustrated and angry people displace their aggression from its real source to a convenient target is called

One of the hazards of institutional racism and institutional sexism as sources of negative stereotypes and prejudice is that they are

Prejudice may be maintained by ____ normative rules.

The major difference between the scapegoat theory of prejudice and the realistic conflict theory of prejudice is that the scapegoat theory is applicable when

Quiz 13: Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Many years ago,advertisers aired a TV commercial for decaffeinated coffee.A daughter complains to her mother,"Sure,you're tense and irritable,but don't take it out on me!" This commercial captures the essence of the ____ theory of prejudice.

According to the text,in Nazi Germany,the Jews were used as ____,much like how Rev.Jerry Falwell views homosexuals in the U.S.currently.

When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior,we have actually created a(n)

____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter- group conflict.

Research has shown that when fate (e.g.,a flip of a coin) determines the allocation of rewards for completing a task,participants will often

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate.To do this,the researchers first ____ and then ____.

Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S.When they were competing with Caucasians during the Gold Rush,they were seen ____,but when they were helping construct the transcontinental railroad,they were seen ____.

According to realistic conflict theory,prejudice and discrimination often follow from

Scapegoating is most likely to occur when the majority group is ____ and the group being scapegoated is ____.

In the U.S.,when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce,realistic conflict theory would predict that

The process whereby frustrated and angry people displace their aggression from its real source to a convenient target is called

One of the hazards of institutional racism and institutional sexism as sources of negative stereotypes and prejudice is that they are

Prejudice may be maintained by ____ normative rules.

The major difference between the scapegoat theory of prejudice and the realistic conflict theory of prejudice is that the scapegoat theory is applicable when

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate.To do this,the researchers first and then .

Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S.When they were competing with Caucasians during the Gold Rush,they were seen ,but when they were helping construct the transcontinental railroad,they were seen .

Scapegoating is most likely to occur when the majority group is and the group being scapegoated is .