Question 1

Meagan was told to systematically collect information from a group of high school students to determine high school students' proclivities toward politics. Her best approach to this data collection would be:

Accepted Answer

A survey would be the best approach to systematically collect information from a group of high school students. Surveys allow for standardized data collection and can be administered to a large group of people. This would be ideal for collecting information on high school students' proclivities toward politics.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) Suppose the authors of the Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey stated it had strong convergent validity. The evidence to support this statement would likely include data showing:

Accepted Answer

Convergent validity refers to the degree to which scores on a measure are related to scores on other measures that assess similar constructs. Therefore, evidence for strong convergent validity would require showing a positive correlation between kids' attitudes on this instrument and kids' attitudes on a similar instrument. Options A and C do not pertain to convergent validity but instead to content validity and discriminant validity, respectively.

Question 3

According to a well-known 1995 study examining social relationships, we human beings have a fundamental need to:

Accepted Answer

The well-known 1995 study examining social relationships suggests that human beings have a fundamental need to associate with others, indicating the importance of social interactions and relationships in our lives. The other choices do not accurately reflect the findings of the study.

Question 4

The results from a study that examined self-concept clarity and self-esteem indicated that participants had less consistency and stability in their self-descriptions over time. This would suggest that assessment of this variable would present issues with:

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability measures the consistency of scores over time. Given that participants had less consistency and stability in their self-descriptions over time, assessing self-concept clarity and self-esteem would present issues with test-retest reliability. Therefore, C is the best choice. The study results do not suggest any issues with internal consistency reliability or alternative forms reliability, so B and D are incorrect choices. The study results suggest that the content validity of self-concept clarity and self-esteem would not be affected, so A is an incorrect choice.

Question 5

You are able to do all of the following with a correlational study, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Correlational studies can only determine the relationship between two variables and cannot establish cause-and-effect.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) After piloting the survey described in Scenario II, the authors found that many children responded by always using the endpoints in the provided set of response alternatives. The participants seem to be exhibiting which response bias?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario...

Question 7

One study examined differences in women who wanted to join sororities and women who did not want to join. Those women who wanted to rush a sorority tended to have a higher need to be the center of attention, but surprisingly did not have a higher need for:

Accepted Answer

The study found that women who wanted to rush a sorority had a higher need to be the center of attention, but did not have a higher need for affiliation (or social connection). This suggests that their desire to join a sorority may be driven more by the desire to be in a prominent position within a social group rather than a need for social connection or support. The other answer choices (social self-esteem, academic success, and exhibitionism) are not mentioned in the study as being related or unrelated to a desire to join a sorority.

Question 8

Reta wants to examine the association between self-esteem and perceived popularity. The best research approach to answer this question would be:

Accepted Answer

The best research approach to examine the association between self-esteem and perceived popularity would be a correlational design. A correlational design is the most appropriate approach when the researcher wants to examine the relationship between two variables without manipulating any of them. In this case, the researcher will measure self-esteem and perceived popularity and then use statistical analysis to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables. Choice A (an experimental design) is not appropriate because the researcher cannot manipulate one variable (self-esteem) to see whether it causes a change in the other variable (perceived popularity). Choice B (a quasi-experimental design) may be appropriate if the researcher has already identified groups with high and low self-esteem or perceived popularity, but it does not allow for a clear examination of the relationship between the two variables. Choice C (active deception) is not appropriate because it involves dishonesty towards the participants and may affect the validity of the study.

Question 9

Corlita is interested in the relationship between Internet gaming and the quality of romantic relationships. The best research approach to examine this research question would be:

Accepted Answer

A correlational design would be the best approach to examine the relationship between Internet gaming and the quality of romantic relationships, as it would allow for the examination of the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables without manipulating them.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) One of the items included in the scale administered during the pilot study described in Scenario II was "After PE I feel physically tired and mentally tired." This item was later changed, most likely because:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario...

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
-(Scenario III) Suppose a group of researchers found a strong positive correlation between the 2013 and 2014 results of the ATUS. This information would support the _____ reliability of the ATUS.

Accepted Answer

A strong positive correlation between the 2013 and 2014 results of the ATUS would indicate that the results are consistent over time, supporting the test-retest reliability of the survey. Alternative-form reliability would require using two different forms of the survey and comparing results, while internal consistency and construct reliability would require different methods of analysis not dependent on time.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
-(Scenario III) Suppose a psychologist used the ATUS to test whether volunteerism is related to education level. The psychologist predicted that those with more education would report spending more time volunteering. The psychologist made a _____ hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The psychologist predicted that those with more education would report spending more time volunteering, indicating a directional hypothesis.

Question 13

According to a study that examined variables related to the self, self-concept clarity refers to:

Accepted Answer

Self-concept clarity refers to how clearly and confidently people describe their sense of self. It is not related to quick judgments of personality traits (A), the ability to associate characteristics of self to others (B), or necessarily higher levels of self-esteem and self-image (C), although it may be related to these factors.

Question 14

In a study investigating differences in first-time students in college who joined Greek life and those who did not, it was found that first-time college students who joined Greek organizations scored higher in:

Accepted Answer

The study found that first-time college students who joined Greek organizations scored higher in extraversion. This suggests that joining a Greek organization may be linked to a desire for social involvement and a more outgoing personality.

Question 15

Students who joined Greek organizations as first-time college students were more likely to engage in:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that students who join Greek organizations are more likely to engage in substance use such as binge drinking and drug use, compared to non-members.

Question 16

Shaunta has a strong belief that she can achieve any academic outcome she sets her mind to. She is displaying a high level of:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task or achieve a desired outcome. In this case, Shaunta's belief in her academic abilities demonstrates a high level of self-efficacy. Self-esteem (A) refers to an individual's overall sense of worth or value, self-concept (C) refers to an individual's beliefs and perceptions about themselves in general, and academic performance (D) refers to an observable measure of an individual's academic achievements. While these may be related to Shaunta's belief in her academic abilities, self-efficacy specifically pertains to her confidence in achieving her academic goals.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
-(Scenario III) Based on the information provided in Scenario III, which statement are you more likely to agree with?

Accepted Answer

The scenario states that the response rates for the American Time Use Survey vary, with the response rate in 2014 being 51.0%. This suggests that a response rate closer to 100% is not required for survey research to be credible, and that a response rate of 51.0% is common and acceptable for survey research. It is not clear from the information provided whether the BLS provided enough of an incentive for participation or whether conducting face-to-face interviews would have resulted in more responses.

Question 18

A study assessing the role of self-concept clarity in relationships found that self-concept clarity is related to the:

Accepted Answer

The study found that self-concept clarity is related to the quality of romantic relationships. This means that individuals with greater self-concept clarity tend to have higher quality relationships. The study did not find a significant relationship between self-concept clarity and the quantity, gender, or duration of romantic relationships.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
-(Scenario III) A psychologist used the 2014 ATUS data described in Scenario III to examine time spent working and time engaged in leisure activities. Based on your knowledge of survey research, which result is most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

Choice C accurately describes the findings of the study using appropriate statistical language (i.e. "statistically significant negative relation"). Choices A and B make causal claims that cannot be supported by survey data alone. Choice D is completely opposite of the actual findings and is not supported by the scenario.

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
-(Scenario II) What is a reason for why Phillips and Silverman conducted a pilot study in Scenario II?

Accepted Answer

Phillips and Silverman conducted the pilot study to determine if the survey would be a good tool to use, assess if there were any confusing items, and evaluate the reliability and validity of the survey.

Quiz 7: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea