Question 1

_____ is the APA guideline that commits researchers to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research.

Accepted Answer

The APA guideline that commits researchers to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research is Integrity. APA's Ethics Code emphasizes the importance of ethical principles such as respect, freedom, justice, and integrity in psychological research and practice. However, integrity specifically refers to the commitment to intellectual honesty, transparency, and accuracy in research, and it is a fundamental principle that underpins all scientific inquiry.

Question 2

Informed consent is an important part of establishing:

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is a key component of the principle of respect for persons in research ethics. It requires that individuals are fully informed about a study's procedures, risks, and potential benefits, and are given the opportunity to freely decide whether or not to participate. This principle recognizes that individuals have the right to be treated as autonomous agents, capable of making decisions about their own lives and bodies. It is essential to uphold this principle in order to ensure that individuals are not coerced or manipulated into participating in research, and that their dignity and autonomy are respected.

Question 3

Monica believes that her decisions should reflect her moral obligation to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. His personal philosophy demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

Monica's belief in doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people aligns with the utilitarian perspective, which focuses on the overall happiness and well-being of society as a whole rather than individual interests. Egoism, on the other hand, is a philosophy that prioritizes one's own self-interest over others, while the file drawer problem refers to the issue of statistically insignificant or negative results being left out of published research. Altruism, while related to doing good for others, typically involves selflessness and self-sacrifice, rather than the consideration of the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Question 4

Which of the following is one of the basic ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

The basic ethical principle outlined in the Belmont Report is beneficence, which requires researchers to maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants in research studies. The other options (A, C, and D) are not principles outlined in the Belmont Report.

Question 5

Which of the following would NOT be considered coercion?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following would NOT be...

Question 6

Each of the following are benefits of the debriefing, EXCEPT it:

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is meant to provide participants with information about the study and protect them from potential harm, not to further deceive them. Options A, B, and C are all benefits of debriefing that help ensure the ethical treatment of study participants.

Question 7

Some of the studies conducted before the 1970s, like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study, could not be replicated today, because of:

Accepted Answer

The stricter ethical guidelines that are now in place make it unlikely that studies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study would be approved today. These studies violated ethical principles such as informed consent, protection from harm, and respect for participants' autonomy. Today, research ethics committees require that studies meet high ethical standards before they can be conducted.

Question 8

The application of moral principles concerning what an individual considers right and wrong to help guide one's decisions and behavior is called:

Accepted Answer

The application of moral principles concerning what an individual considers right and wrong to help guide one's decisions and behavior is the definition of ethics.

Question 9

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is called:

Accepted Answer

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is called the altruistic perspective. Egoism is the belief that ethical decisions should benefit oneself, while the utilitarian perspective focuses on maximizing overall happiness for the greatest number of people. Beneficence is the principle or practice of doing good, especially for others.

Question 10

Which of the following is specified as a vulnerable population?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is specified as...

Question 11

Loss of confidentiality is:

Accepted Answer

Loss of confidentiality occurs when the responses and behaviors of participants become public knowledge. This can lead to a breach of confidentiality and potentially negative consequences for the participant, such as embarrassment or stigma.

Question 12

What does the IACUC oversee?

Accepted Answer

The IACUC, or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, is responsible for overseeing the ethical treatment of animals used in research, teaching, and testing at institutions receiving federal funding. Therefore, the correct answer is animals.

Question 13

What is the Institutional Review Board?

Accepted Answer

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research conducted on human subjects. It is responsible for ensuring that human subjects are protected from harm and that their rights are respected during the research process. The IRB also reviews study protocols and informed consent procedures to ensure they are appropriate and understandable for the subjects.

Question 14

The best practices put forth by Simmons and colleagues (2011) to help decrease the temptation to falsify data include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Reporting only statistically significant data may lead to selective reporting bias and falsely support hypotheses. A, B, and D are all valid best practices recommended by Simmons and colleagues to help prevent falsification of data.

Question 15

Phillipe is conducting a research study in which his participants will encounter the same level of risk encountered in daily life. His study will most likely receive the IRB review classification of:

Accepted Answer

The expedited review process is used for research that involves no more than minimal risk to human subjects and can be reviewed quickly by only one or more IRB members. Since Phillipe's study only involves the same level of risk that is encountered in daily life, it can be considered minimal risk and eligible for expedited review.

Question 16

Imagine that you are the chair of your university's IRB. You receive a research protocol detailing a study that would examine the impact of sleep deprivation on driving behavior. The researcher plans to have participants stay awake for varying numbers of hours in the lab and then have them operate a car during rush hour traffic. You reject this study based on its violation of the principle of:

Accepted Answer

The principle of beneficence requires that research should not cause harm to participants and should maximize potential benefits. In this case, having participants operate a car during rush hour traffic after being kept awake for varying numbers of hours in the lab could pose a significant risk to their safety and well-being, and therefore violates the principle of beneficence.

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT involve deception?

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is a standard practice in research where participants are fully informed about the true purpose and nature of the study after it has been completed. It does not involve deception. A cover story, false feedback, and using a confederate are all examples of deception used in research.

Question 18

Fairness in the selection of study participants in a manner that equally distributes costs and benefits is known as:

Accepted Answer

Justice in research means that the selection of study participants is fair and that the costs and benefits of research are distributed equally among the participants. This ensures that there is no exploitation of vulnerable populations or discrimination against certain groups in the selection of research participants.

Question 19

Informed consent forms must tell participants _____, but they do not have to tell participants _____.

Accepted Answer

Informed consent forms must tell participants what they are expected to do in the study, but they do not necessarily have to provide information on where (A) or when (D). However, informed consent forms must disclose why the research is being conducted and the potential risks and benefits involved in participation (B and C).

Question 20

Representing others' work or ideas as your own, without giving proper credit is known as:

Accepted Answer

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas as your own without giving proper credit. The other options are not related to this definition of plagiarism.

Quiz 3: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research