Question 1

Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she is afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

In the conventional stage, individuals start to conform to societal norms and values. Susan's decision not to report Ian's cheating is based on her fear of being called a snitch and the social stigma associated with it. Therefore, her decision is based on her concern for what her classmates will think of her rather than any ethical principles.

Question 2

One indication of psychosocial _____ between the ages of 6 and 11 is the ability to do more self-care (keeping oneself and one's room clean, cooking one's own food, etc.).

Accepted Answer

The answer of One indication of psychosocial _____ between the...

Question 3

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, _____ is what advances a person's morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, morality is advanced through intellectual maturation, as individuals move through different stages of moral reasoning driven by their cognitive abilities. Age, social development, and ethnicity may influence an individual's moral development, but they are not the primary driving forces according to Kohlberg's theory.

Question 4

Which is NOT a common value among 6- to 11-year-old children?

Accepted Answer

Dressing like adults is not a common value among 6- to 11-year-old children as they are still in the process of developing their own sense of personal style and may still prefer more playful or comfortable clothing choices.

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson, the developmental crisis children face in middle childhood is that of _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Erik Erikson, the developmental crisis...

Question 6

Conventional morality involves _____.

Accepted Answer

Conventional morality is the adherence to social norms and rules that are taught and reinforced by parents, teachers, and peers. It involves following what is considered acceptable by society, even if it may not always be the "right" or "fair" thing to do. Therefore, option B, which mentions following what parents, teachers, and peers do, best fits the definition of conventional morality. The other options do not accurately depict conventional morality.

Question 7

Mr. Cortez had a good conversation about the fairness of restitution and retribution with 9-year-old Sherrod. The next day, Sherrod still thought retribution was the fairest. Scientific study shows us that this MOST likely means that talking about moral values with children _____.

Accepted Answer

The fact that Sherrod still held onto his belief in retribution after the discussion suggests that talking about moral values with children may not bring about immediate change in their beliefs or values. This is supported by the word "still" in the prompt, indicating that Sherrod's belief had not changed despite the conversation.

Question 8

The crucial element in Lawrence Kohlberg's assessment of moral stages is ______.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's assessment of moral stages is focused on the reasoning and justification behind a person's answer, rather than the answer itself. Thus, the crucial element in his assessment is the reasons given by the person being assessed.

Question 9

Critical during middle childhood is ______, comparing oneself to others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critical during middle childhood is ______, comparing...

Question 10

According to Sigmund Freud, school-age children strive to be recognized for "real accomplishment" by their peers, shifting away from sexual interests until puberty. Freud referred to this stage as "_____."

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Sigmund Freud, school-age children strive...

Question 11

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because his _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for not taking into account cultural differences. The theory is based on a Western perspective and may not be applicable across different cultures. It has been found to be more applicable to individualistic cultures and may not accurately reflect the moral development of those in collectivist cultures.

Question 12

Leon is asked whether a person should steal food if she is starving. Leon says no because it is against the law. Leon is in Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning level, in the stage called "______."

Accepted Answer

Leon is in the conventional level of moral reasoning, specifically in the "law and order" stage, where individuals believe in maintaining social order by following laws and rules.

Question 13

When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will _____.

Accepted Answer

Children are more likely to align themselves with their peers when their culture conflicts with adult morality. This is because children often form their sense of morality and values from their peers and may not fully understand or agree with adult expectations.

Question 14

Chance steals food to feed himself and his little brother because they are starving. If another child hears about this and states, "Chance shouldn't steal because stealing is against the law," that child is MOST likely in Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

The child is in the conventional stage of moral development, where moral reasoning is based on conforming to social rules and laws.

Question 15

What is the third stage of moral reasoning in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?

Accepted Answer

The third stage of moral reasoning in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is the conventional stage. This stage is characterized by individuals following social norms and expectations to maintain social order and uphold authority. However, decisions are made based on the individual’s personal values and beliefs rather than just blindly following rules. The next stage, postconventional, involves a greater level of abstract thinking and consideration of universal ethical principles.

Question 16

Retribution as a punishment for a transgression involves _____.

Accepted Answer

Retribution as a punishment involves hurting the transgressor, often in a proportional manner to the offense committed, as a form of justice or revenge.

Question 17

When 9-year-old children were asked to choose between retribution and restitution for a punishment, _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the question, the 9-year-old children were given a choice between retribution and restitution for a punishment. Since the question does not provide any specific information about the children's preferences, it can be assumed that their choices were evenly split between the two options. Therefore, the best choice is C (about half chose restitution and half chose retribution).

Question 18

Restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves _____.

Accepted Answer

Restitution involves restoring what was lost, such as property, money, or rights, to the victim or the community. It is not about hurting the transgressor or praising them. Defining what was lost may be a part of the process, but it is not the main focus.

Question 19

Social ____ is both a cause and a consequence of feeling inferior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social ____ is both a cause and...

Question 20

Adrionna has begun to participate in arguments on issues of right and wrong. She is developing her own moral thinking, guided by _____.

Accepted Answer

Adrionna's moral thinking is being guided by a combination of her peers, parents, and culture. This is because she is at an age where she is exploring and adopting values and belief systems from those around her, including her immediate family, friends, and community. While religion may play a role in shaping her moral values, it is more likely that her surroundings are influencing her at this point. Advanced reading material may contribute to her understanding of different opinions and beliefs, but it is not the primary source of her moral development. Lastly, while the urge to internalize her society's rules may play a role in shaping her moral compass, it is not the driving force behind her individual moral reasoning at this stage of development.

Quiz 13: Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development