Question 1

According to the terminology discussed in the chapter, a person's psychological sense of being either male or female is called:

Accepted Answer

Psychological sense of being either male or female is called gender identity.

Question 2

The behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as being either masculine or feminine in a given culture:

Accepted Answer

The behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as being either masculine or feminine in a given culture are referred to as gender roles. These roles can vary widely between different cultures and can also change over time within a specific culture. Gender roles are not genetically determined and are largely shaped by socialization and cultural norms.

Question 3

_____ refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity.

Accepted Answer

Gender refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity. It is a broader construct than sex, which refers to biological differences between males and females. Gender schema and gender identity are related constructs but are not as comprehensive as gender. Gender schema refers to how individuals organize and interpret information based on gender, while gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of being male or female (or non-binary).

Question 4

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience box "Can a DVD Program Your Baby to be a Genius?" which of the following will result in babies learning the most words?

Accepted Answer

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience box, the best way for babies to learn words is through the traditional method of being taught by a parent without the use of a DVD. Research has shown that interactive experiences and social interactions with caregivers are crucial for infants' language development. Watching a DVD alone or with a parent is unlikely to be as effective as direct interaction with a caregiver.

Question 5

Makers of videos developed for infants and toddlers have claimed that the videos promote brain development. However, a study by Zimmerman and colleagues showed that viewing baby media was _____ with vocabulary growth in infants.

Accepted Answer

The study by Zimmerman and colleagues showed that viewing baby media was negatively correlated with vocabulary growth in infants, meaning that it was associated with a decrease in vocabulary growth.

Question 6

The biological category of male or female is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The biological category of male or female is referred to as sex. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Gender role is the set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on their perceived or actual sex. Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex they were assigned at birth.

Question 7

In an experiment described in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box "Can a DVD Program Your Baby to Be a Genius?" which was the control condition?

Accepted Answer

The control condition in the experiment was where children were not exposed to the video and parents were not instructed to try to teach them the words. This allows for comparison to the experimental condition where children watched the video at least five times a week over a four-week period.

Question 8

The fact that most parents in the United States do not dress their newborn boys in pink clothes illustrates the:

Accepted Answer

The fact that most parents in the United States do not dress their newborn boys in pink clothes is due to the persuasiveness and force of cultural and societal expectations regarding gender roles. The color pink is associated with femininity and therefore, it is culturally expected that girls wear pink and boys wear blue. This illustrates how deeply ingrained cultural expectations are in determining child-rearing practices.

Question 9

Although male and female infants are virtually indistinguishable in terms of size, appearance, and behavior:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that even in infancy, males and females are treated differently based on societal expectations of gender roles. This can include differences in how they are held, talked to, and played with, among other things.

Question 10

By the age of three years, the typical child has a _____ vocabulary of about 3,000 words and is acquiring about a dozen new words a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of By the age of three years, the...

Question 11

Pat describes Terry as "very masculine" because Terry is confident, active, and physically strong. Pat is referring to Terry's:

Accepted Answer

Pat is describing Terry's gender role, which is the set of societal expectations and norms for behaviors and attitudes that are associated with being male or female. Terry's confidence, activity level, and physical strength are commonly associated with masculinity in many cultures. Sex refers to biological differences between males and females, gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of their gender, and gender schema refers to an individual's cognitive framework for understanding gender.

Question 12

Mandy and Michael are fraternal twins who will be celebrating their sixth birthday very soon. If they are typical of children at this age, Mandy will ask for _____ and Michael will ask for _____ as birthday presents.

Accepted Answer

Typically, at the age of six, girls like Mandy might ask for dolls and a dollhouse, while boys like Michael might ask for toy cars and trucks, reflecting traditional gender preferences in toys.

Question 13

The term gender is formally defined as:

Accepted Answer

The term gender refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity. It encompasses a wide range of societal and cultural expectations and norms related to gender roles and behaviors, as well as personal identity and expression.

Answer: D
 The term sex refers to the biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function. While sex and gender are often used interchangeably, it is important to make a distinction between the two concepts, as they refer to different aspects of human identity and experience.

Question 14

The theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling, is called:

Accepted Answer

The theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling, is called social learning theory. This theory proposes that individuals learn gender-related behaviors and attitudes through observing and imitating others, as well as through the consequences (reinforcements or punishments) that occur as a result of these behaviors.

Question 15

Before her baby was born, Beth watched an ultrasound picture of the fetus in which the genitals were clearly visible. Beth said, "It's going to be a boy for sure!" Strictly speaking, Beth is referring to the unborn infant's:

Accepted Answer

Beth is referring to the unborn infant's biological sex, which is determined by the presence of X or Y chromosomes in the sperm that fertilized the egg. Gender, gender schema, and gender role are all social constructs that are influenced by cultural and societal expectations and norms.

Question 16

During a lecture on human biology, Professor Sadir described the differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy that determine whether a person is classified as male or female. Dr. Sadir was referring to:

Accepted Answer

Professor Sadir was describing the biological factors that determine whether a person is classified as male or female, which is sex, not gender, gender identity, or gender roles.

Question 17

Psychologist Judy DeLoache and her colleagues conducted an experiment that investigated the effects of watching a popular baby video on infants' language development. The study found that babies:

Accepted Answer

The study found that babies learned the most words from interacting with their parents. This suggests that direct interaction and communication with caregivers is more beneficial for language development than passive viewing of videos.

Question 18

Frank now uses his first pronouns, phrases, and sentences. If he is like most children in terms of language development, he is approximately:

Accepted Answer

Most children begin using simple sentences and phrases around the age of 24 months, as this is a typical stage in language development.

Question 19

In preschool, four-year-old Daisy is likely to play with _____, and four-year-old Daniel is likely to play with _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In preschool, four-year-old Daisy is likely to...

Question 20

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience box "Can a DVD Program Your Baby to be a Genius?" the best predictor of infant language is:

Accepted Answer

The article states that the amount of time parents spend reading to their kids is the best predictor of infant language, not any of the other options listed. Therefore, choice D is correct.

Quiz 9: Lifespan Development