Question 1

Psychologist Wolfgang Köhler placed a piece of fruit and a long stick outside chimpanzee Sultan's cage. Inside the cage he placed a short stick. Prior to gaining insight into the solution of the problem Sultan used

Accepted Answer

Sultan initially used the short stick to try reaching the fruit, demonstrating trial-and-error behavior before gaining insight into using the short stick to retrieve the long stick and then using the long stick to get the fruit.

Question 2

Alex was an African Grey parrot who could

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alex was an African Grey parrot who...

Question 3

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute

Accepted Answer

The definition provided in the question refers specifically to language, which involves the use of spoken, written, or signed words to convey meaning. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures or instructions for completing a task, while syntax refers to the set of rules governing the structure of sentences in a language. Heuristics are problem-solving strategies or rules of thumb that help simplify complex problems. None of these options fully capture the idea of language as described in the question.

Question 4

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

Krista's correct interpretation shows the importance of semantics, which is the study of the meaning of words and how they are used in language.

Question 5

A system of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and for ordering words into sentences is called

Accepted Answer

Grammar refers to the rules and principles that govern language, including syntax, morphology, and semantics. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or completing a task, which is not related to language specifically. Receptive language refers to the ability to understand and comprehend language, while linguistic determinism is the theory that language shapes the way we think and perceive the world around us.

Question 6

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound in language, but they do not carry meaning on their own. Morphemes, on the other hand, are the smallest units of language that carry meaning, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words. Therefore, the correct answer is morphemes, option B.

Question 7

In the words "lightly," "neatly," and "shortly," the "ly" ending is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The "ly" ending in these words is a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning in a word. It is added to the end of another word (a base word) to create a new word with a different meaning. In these words, "ly" changes the adjective into an adverb.

Question 8

Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic motivation refers to external factors such as money, fame, or rewards that can influence a person's behavior or creativity. In this case, when Arlo focused on the potential financial gain of his musical skills, it may have led to a decrease in his creativity. This is because he was more focused on meeting external expectations and achieving a specific outcome rather than exploring his own artistic expression.

Question 9

Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at

Accepted Answer

Living abroad and experiencing other cultures can broaden one's perspective and increase one's ability to think creatively and come up with innovative solutions to problems. This is because exposure to new ways of thinking and doing things can inspire individuals to approach challenges in new and different ways.

Question 10

Syntax refers to the

Accepted Answer

Syntax specifically refers to the correct arrangement of words in a sentence to form grammatically correct and meaningful sentences. The other options refer to phonology, morphology, and problem-solving, respectively.

Question 11

The English language has ________ letters than phonemes, and the consonant phonemes generally carry ________ information than the vowel phonemes.

Accepted Answer

The English language has 44 phonemes and only 26 letters, so there are fewer letters than phonemes. Additionally, consonant phonemes generally carry more information than vowel phonemes, as they affect the meaning and pronunciation of words more significantly.

Question 12

Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between word meaning and word order is similar to the relationship between semantics (the meaning of language) and syntax (the order and structure of words to create meaning).

Question 13

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common

Accepted Answer

"This" and "that" both share the phonemes /ð/ and /ə/ in English. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word. A prototype is a mental representation of a category, a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, and an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

Question 14

The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called

Accepted Answer

Receptive language is the ability to understand spoken language. The other options refer to different concepts - the availability heuristic is a mental shortcut in decision-making, productive language is the ability to express oneself through speech, and intuition is the ability to know or understand something without conscious reasoning.

Question 15

The beginning of babies' receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity to

Accepted Answer

The answer of The beginning of babies' receptive language development...

Question 16

The factors associated with creativity include

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that creativity is associated with having expertise in a certain area and having a venturesome personality, meaning being open to new experiences and ideas. Impulsivity and empathy may not necessarily be associated with creativity, while a competitive drive and need for control may even inhibit creativity. Reliability and validity are more related to measurement and research methods, and not necessarily factors associated with creativity.

Question 17

The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called

Accepted Answer

Babbling refers to the initial stage of language development in which infants produce a variety of sounds, including consonants and vowels, without any clear meaning or intention. This is an important milestone that precedes the development of meaningful words and sentences.

Question 18

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.

Accepted Answer

Syntax refers to the rules governing the structure of sentences in a language. In this case, the visitor has not correctly ordered the words in the sentence according to English syntax. Phonemes refer to the individual sounds in a language, semantics to the meaning of words and morphemes to the smallest units of meaning in a language, none of which are applicable to this particular error.

Question 19

One group of Australian dolphins learned to use marine sponges as protective noseguards when probing the sea floor for fish. This best illustrates their capacity to

Accepted Answer

The fact that the Australian dolphins learned to use marine sponges as noseguards when probing the sea floor for fish shows their ability to use tools.

Question 20

Phonemes are

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the smallest distinctive sound units in a language. They are not objects, rules for combining words, or speech units that carry meaning.

Quiz 9: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence