Question 1

According to Freud, people dream in order to

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that dreams were a way for the unconscious mind to express repressed or threatening desires and wishes in a symbolic form, which allows the individual to deal with them without causing anxiety or emotional distress. Therefore, people dream to give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes.

Question 2

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream refers to the

Accepted Answer

The manifest content of a dream refers to the remembered story line of a dream.

Question 3

It has been found that night terrors

Accepted Answer

Night terrors typically occur during NREM-3 sleep, which is the deepest stage of non-REM sleep characterized by slow brain waves and deep relaxation of the body. Night terrors are not typically accompanied by paralysis, are not remembered vividly, and do not jolt the sleeper to full wakefulness like nightmares do.

Question 4

When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with cold water, they were more likely than other dreamers to experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with...

Question 5

To cure his insomnia, Mr. Ming takes a sleeping pill just before bedtime. Research suggests that this practice

Accepted Answer

The use of sleeping pills may actually worsen insomnia over time as the body becomes dependent on them to fall asleep. This can lead to withdrawal symptoms when the pills are discontinued and difficulty falling asleep without them.

Question 6

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. This can be very dangerous for a commercial bus driver as they may fall asleep at the wheel. Insomnia, night terrors, and sleepwalking may also affect a driver's ability to get sufficient sleep, but they are less likely to cause sudden sleep attacks during the day.

Question 7

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

Accepted Answer

Mr. Dayton's symptoms of stopping breathing during sleep and waking up to snort air indicate that he has sleep apnea, a condition where the airway becomes blocked during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing. Snoring is also a common symptom of sleep apnea.

Question 8

Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to viral infections.

Question 9

Sleep deprivation ________ levels of the hormone ghrelin and _______ levels of the hormone leptin.

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-stimulating hormone ghrelin and decreases levels of the satiety hormone leptin, leading to increased appetite and potentially unhealthy weight gain.

Question 10

Insomnia is a disorder involving

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is characterized by recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep. It is not related to the excessive use of sleeping pills, cessation of breathing during sleep, or uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, which are symptoms of other sleep disorders.

Question 11

Eighty-year-old Mrs. West feels she has trouble falling asleep at night. She typically gets about 6 or 7 hours of sleep every 24 hours. What should she do about this?

Accepted Answer

As we age, it is common for our sleep patterns to change and for us to have difficulty falling asleep. Taking a sleeping pill every night or drinking an alcoholic beverage before bedtime can actually make the problem worse and create a dependence on these substances. Sleeping with the bedroom lights on can also disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. The best course of action for Mrs. West is to remind herself that these changes are normal and try to relax before bedtime with calming activities such as reading or listening to soothing music. It may also be helpful for her to create a consistent bedtime routine and ensure her sleeping environment is comfortable and conducive to sleep.

Question 12

Sequences of images notable for their hallucinatory quality are most likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

REM dreams involve vivid and often bizarre imagery that can resemble hallucinations, particularly during periods of intense eye movement activity.

Question 13

Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors are more common in children, usually occurring between ages 3 and 12. The other sleep disorders listed are more likely to occur in adults.

Question 14

Sleepwalking typically occurs during

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, occurs during NREM-3 sleep, which is the deepest stage of non-REM sleep. During this stage, the brain is in a state of deep relaxation, but the body is capable of carrying out automatic behaviors such as walking or talking. Sleepwalking usually occurs in the first half of the night when NREM-3 is most prevalent.

Question 15

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.

Question 16

Sleeptalking may occur during

Accepted Answer

Sleeptalking can occur during any stage of sleep.

Question 17

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream is the literal storyline and events of the dream that can be recalled upon waking. In this scenario, Shane's account of dreaming about failing a chemistry test represents the manifest content of his dream.

Question 18

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in

Accepted Answer

After experiencing a trauma, individuals commonly report an increase in threatening or disturbing dreams, which can lead to difficulty sleeping and insomnia. Sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleepwalking are not typically associated with trauma.

Question 19

The disorder involving uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness is known as

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is the disorder characterized by uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. Insomnia refers to difficulty falling or staying asleep, sleep apnea involves disrupted breathing during sleep, and paradoxical sleep refers to the stage of sleep where the brain is highly active but the body is paralyzed.

Question 20

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

Accepted Answer

The symptoms indicate that Bobby suffers from night terrors, which are characterized by sudden screams and signs of extreme fear during the non-REM stage of sleep. The person is usually disoriented and difficult to awaken, and they have no memory of the event in the morning.

Quiz 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind