Question 1

At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be _____.

Accepted Answer

At 6 weeks of age, infants begin to show a social smile, which is a smile elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing their caregiver's face. This is the earliest sign of an emotional reaction related to social interaction. Fear of strangers typically emerges around 6-8 months of age, while a wide-eyed look of surprise and a squeal of delight at a favorite toy can occur earlier in infancy.

Question 2

Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?

Accepted Answer

Pride is a social emotion that arises from gaining recognition or respect from others in one's social group. It requires an awareness of social norms and expectations, and a desire for social approval. The other options may be more instinctual or related to basic survival instincts.

Question 3

Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months.

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness typically appears at around 9 months of age. At this age, infants become more aware of unfamiliar people and may become upset or clingy when in the presence of strangers. This is a normal and healthy developmental milestone.

Question 4

Emotions that develop over the first two years of life are _____.

Accepted Answer

Emotions that develop over the first two years of life are speedy and uncensored reactions. They are not yet filtered through cognitive processes or social norms, so they can be intense and immediate.

Question 5

Roseanne is several hours old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?

Accepted Answer

Newborns can express pain through crying and facial expressions, even at a few hours old.

Question 6

An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____.

Accepted Answer

Infants may get angry when they cannot communicate their needs or when they are unable to perform a task they want to accomplish, leading to frustration. Sadness, fear, and shame are secondary emotions that may result from the primary emotion of anger.

Question 7

Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?

Accepted Answer

According to psychology research, children typically experience separation anxiety around 8-18 months old. Therefore, Dawn is more likely to experience distress than Tammi.

Question 8

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting _____.

Accepted Answer

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, it is exhibiting separation anxiety. This is a common developmental stage where babies become distressed when separated from their primary caregiver.

Question 9

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

Accepted Answer

Increased levels of cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone," are associated with negative emotions such as sadness and anxiety.

Question 10

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness is the term used to describe an infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person. This is a normal developmental phase that typically begins between 6-9 months of age.

Question 11

When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely _____.

Accepted Answer

At 9 months old, babies often start to show fear of unfamiliar people or animals, which aligns with Erica's reaction to the dog.

Question 12

Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?

Accepted Answer

Pride is a complex emotional state that requires a sense of self-awareness and an ability to compare oneself to others. These skills do not fully develop until around age 2-3, making pride one of the last emotions to develop in an infant. Fear of strangers typically emerges around 6-8 months, anger at around 4-6 months, and curiosity is present from birth.

Question 13

Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

Accepted Answer

Before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt, they must have a basic level of social awareness. This includes the ability to recognize themselves as separate individuals and to understand the expectations and reactions of others in social situations. Social skills, stranger anxiety, and embarrassment may be related to social awareness but are not necessarily sufficient for the experience of pride, shame, or guilt.

Question 14

Andrew has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. How old is Andrew likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Infants typically begin to display anger around 4 months of age as they develop a greater awareness of their environment and their needs.

Question 15

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

Accepted Answer

Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt are the new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year. Joy, distress, fear, and anger are emotions that are typically present from early infancy. Option C includes joy and fear but misses pride, shame, and embarrassment that appear in the second year. Option D includes anger which is not a new emotion that appears at the end of a child's second year.

Question 16

Which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

An 11-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room, as separation anxiety typically develops around 8 to 14 months of age.

Question 17

Chang participated in a research study when he was an infant, during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

Accepted Answer

Infants typically experience anger when their movement is restricted, as it frustrates their desire to interact with their environment.

Question 18

Tang is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently begun displaying?

Accepted Answer

At around 3 months of age, infants typically begin to display laughter, as they start to respond more to social interactions and stimuli.

Question 19

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

Accepted Answer

The social smile typically develops around 6 weeks of age, when infants begin to smile in response to social stimuli like the presence of caregivers or familiar faces. Anger, laughter, and fear may develop earlier or later in infancy, but the social smile is a milestone typically seen around 6 weeks.

Question 20

Pierce is a 2-year-old boy who loves his "lellow-lee" (yellow blanket) and won't take a nap without it. Pierce's yellow blanket would be considered a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Pierce's yellow blanket is a transitional object, which is a comfort object that helps children ease the separation from attachment figures (such as parents) as they develop their own sense of security and autonomy. It is a normal and healthy part of development for young children to have transitional objects.

Quiz 7: Seciton 3: the First Two Years: Psychosocial Development