Question 1

"Want ice cream," "Fall down," and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of
A) holophrases.
B) repetitive speech patterns.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) reflexive speech patterns.

Accepted Answer

These phrases are examples of telegraphic speech, which is a simplified form of language used by young children that only includes the most necessary words to convey a message. This typically involves leaving out articles, pronouns, and other non-essential words.

Question 2

Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the
A) Broca's area.
B) Wernicke's area.
C) SMA area.
D) Morton's area.

Accepted Answer

Damage to Broca's area, located in the left frontal lobe, is associated with difficulty in speaking fluently and producing words correctly. This area is involved in the motor programming of speech and therefore damage to it can lead to difficulty in speech production.

Question 3

________ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of speech.
A) Broca's area
B) SMA area
C) Morton's area
D) Wernicke's area

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is located in the left temporal lobe of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of speech. It is named after Carl Wernicke, a German neuropathologist who described the area in 1874.

Question 4

As they walk in the park together, Damon's dad points out various objects to him-flowers, birds, butterflies, slides, swings, vehicles, and so on-and helps Damon name each of them. Damon's dad is using ________ to help his son learn language.
A) echoing
B) encoding
C) labeling
D) recasting

Accepted Answer

Damon's dad is labeling the objects to help him learn language.

Question 5

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called
A) the secular trend.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) the vocabulary spurt.
D) phonetic advancement.

Accepted Answer

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called the vocabulary spurt. This is usually characterized by the acquisition of 10-20 new words per week. The secular trend refers to the phenomenon of physical growth occurring earlier and more quickly in children than in previous generations. Telegraphic speech refers to the early stage of speech development when children use short, simple phrases to communicate. Phonetic advancement refers to the improvement in the ability to produce and distinguish between different sounds in speech.

Question 6

________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words.
A) Broca's area
B) Wernicke's area
C) Morton's area
D) SMA area

Accepted Answer

Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe of the brain and is involved in the production of language, specifically the ability to form words and sentences. It is named after French neurologist Paul Broca, who first identified the area in the 19th century through his studies of language deficits in patients with brain injuries.

Question 7

Pan et al. (2005) studied 1- to 3-year-old children living in low-income families to understand the effect of maternal talk on children's vocabulary development. Which of the following was a finding of this study?
A) The amount of maternal talk was less important than maternal literacy skills.
B) The amount of maternal talk was more important than the amount of paternal talk.
C) Mothers' diversity of vocabulary was unrelated to children's vocabulary development.
D) Mothers who frequently used pointing gestures had children with a smaller vocabulary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pan et al. (2005) studied 1- to...

Question 8

Rebecca says "Milk spill" to which her grandfather replies "Yes, the milk spilled on the floor." This is an example of
A) reframing.
B) expanding.
C) correcting.
D) labeling.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of expanding, as the grandfather is adding more information to the original statement made by Rebecca.

Question 9

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's ________ vocabulary is more developed than her ________ vocabulary.
A) expressive; spoken
B) spoken; receptive
C) receptive; spoken
D) spoken; expressive

Accepted Answer

The question is asking about Kyoko's understanding (receptive vocabulary) versus her ability to speak (spoken or expressive vocabulary). Since Kyoko can understand about 50 words but can only say about 10, her receptive vocabulary is more developed than her spoken or expressive vocabulary. Therefore, the best answer is C - receptive versus spoken.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the first words of infants is correct?
A) Infants do not recognize their name until they are 1 year of age.
B) Children speak more words than they can understand.
C) By 18 months, most children have a spoken vocabulary of about 200 words.
D) Children often express various intentions with their single words.

Accepted Answer

Infants often use single words to express a variety of intentions, a phenomenon known as "holophrastic speech."

Question 11

As an infant, Mary suffered damage to the ________ of her brain. This injury severely affected her comprehension abilities; even though her speech is fluent, it remains incomprehensible.
A) Broca's area
B) SMA area
C) Morton's area
D) Wernicke's area

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is responsible for the comprehension of speech. Damage to this part of the brain can result in fluent but incomprehensible speech, a condition known as Wernicke's aphasia.

Question 12

When Alice speaks to her six-month-old nephew, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins to use more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Alice's language behavior is an example of
A) echoing.
B) recasting.
C) child-directed speech.
D) morphology.

Accepted Answer

Alice's change in language behavior, including a higher pitch and simpler words and phrases, is typical of child-directed speech, which is when adults modify their language when speaking to infants and young children. This is done to make the language more accessible and understandable for the child. Echoing refers to repeating a child's words, while recasting involves rephrasing a child's statement in a different way. Morphology refers to the structure and formation of words.

Question 13

A loss or impairment of language processing ability caused by brain injury is called
A) dysphagia.
B) aphasia.
C) autism.
D) mutism.

Accepted Answer

Aphasia is the loss or impairment of language processing ability caused by brain injury. Dysphagia is a difficulty in swallowing, autism is a developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction, and mutism is the inability to speak.

Question 14

While playing with his toy truck on the couch, Nezzy points to the toy truck and says, "Truck go." His father responds to this by saying, "Oh! Did you see the truck going?" In the context of caregiver strategies, this scenario illustrates the strategy of
A) labeling.
B) recasting.
C) overextending.
D) underextending.

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the strategy of recasting, where the caregiver responds to the child's communication by rephrasing it in a more grammatically correct way. In this case, the father repeats Nezzy's statement, but with the addition of the question, "Did you see the truck going?" This helps expand Nezzy's vocabulary and models appropriate sentence structure.

Question 15

Child-directed speech is the
A) ability of parents to understand their children's holographic speech.
B) unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.
C) continual correcting of children's syntax by parents.
D) special way parents speak to each other in front of their children.

Accepted Answer

Child-directed speech refers to the distinct way in which parents and caregivers talk to babies and young children. It is characterized by simplified vocabulary, repetition, and exaggerated intonation and pitch.

Question 16

Linguist Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a ________, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
A) language acquisition device
B) biological language center
C) primary language center
D) biological language device

Accepted Answer

Noam Chomsky coined the term "language acquisition device" to describe the innate ability that humans have to learn and produce language. This device includes the ability to detect certain features and rules of language, such as phonology, syntax, and semantics, which are present at birth. Therefore, option A is the best choice. Option B and C are not accurate terms, and option D is not the term used by Chomsky.

Question 17

Identify a true statement about the role of social interaction in language development.
A) Researchers have found that a child's vocabulary development is linked to the family's socioeconomic status.
B) Michael Tomasello emphasizes that children learn language in general contexts as they are unable to understand the intentions of other people.
C) Research indicates that children and infants readily learn language from television and videos.
D) Children's vocabulary development is unrelated to the type of talk that parents direct to their children.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that a child's vocabulary development is linked to the family's socioeconomic status. Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have larger vocabularies and more exposure to language, compared to children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. This is due to differences in the quality and quantity of language input that children receive from their families.

Question 18

Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as
A) underextension.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) private speech.
D) overextension.

Accepted Answer

Underextension refers to when a child uses a word in a very restricted way, such as only using "doll" to refer to their own Cabbage Patch doll and not generalizing it to other dolls like their sister's Barbie doll. This is a common language development error in young children.

Question 19

Which of the following indicates a significant problem in an infant's communication system?
A) a lack of pointing by 15 months of age
B) not being able to speak 50 words by 15 months of age
C) only speaking 150 words by two years of age
D) a lack of pointing by seven months of age

Accepted Answer

Pointing is a critical developmental milestone and a way for infants to communicate their needs and wants before they can speak. A lack of pointing by 15 months of age can be an indication of a significant problem in the infant's communication system. Not being able to speak 50 words by 15 months of age or only speaking 150 words by two years of age may be cause for concern, but not necessarily an indication of a significant problem in the communication system. A lack of pointing by seven months of age is also not necessarily a cause for concern, as some infants may not begin pointing until closer to 10 or 12 months of age.

Question 20

Two-year-old Max sees a rabbit and calls it a "bunny." He then sees a large white hamster and calls it a "bunny," too. In this scenario, the application of a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning is referred to as
A) deferred imitation.
B) underextension.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) overextension.

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies overextension, which is when a child applies a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning. In this case, Max is calling both a rabbit and a hamster "bunny," which is an overextension of the word's meaning. Underextension, on the other hand, is when a child applies a word too narrowly, such as only calling their own pet dog "dog" and not recognizing other dogs as such. Deferred imitation refers to a child's ability to imitate a model's behavior after a delay, and infantile amnesia refers to the inability to remember events from early childhood.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

"Want ice cream," "Fall down," and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of

Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the

________ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of speech.

As they walk in the park together, Damon's dad points out various objects to him-flowers, birds, butterflies, slides, swings, vehicles, and so on-and helps Damon name each of them. Damon's dad is using ________ to help his son learn language.

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called

________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words.

Pan et al. (2005) studied 1- to 3-year-old children living in low-income families to understand the effect of maternal talk on children's vocabulary development. Which of the following was a finding of this study?

Rebecca says "Milk spill" to which her grandfather replies "Yes, the milk spilled on the floor." This is an example of

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's vocabulary is more developed than her vocabulary.

Which of the following statements about the first words of infants is correct?

As an infant, Mary suffered damage to the ________ of her brain. This injury severely affected her comprehension abilities; even though her speech is fluent, it remains incomprehensible.

When Alice speaks to her six-month-old nephew, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins to use more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Alice's language behavior is an example of

A loss or impairment of language processing ability caused by brain injury is called

While playing with his toy truck on the couch, Nezzy points to the toy truck and says, "Truck go." His father responds to this by saying, "Oh! Did you see the truck going?" In the context of caregiver strategies, this scenario illustrates the strategy of

Child-directed speech is the

Linguist Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a ________, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

Identify a true statement about the role of social interaction in language development.

Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as

Which of the following indicates a significant problem in an infant's communication system?

Two-year-old Max sees a rabbit and calls it a "bunny." He then sees a large white hamster and calls it a "bunny," too. In this scenario, the application of a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning is referred to as