Question 1

Identify an outcome, which is supported by research, for infants who are breast fed when compared with bottle-fed infants.
A) Breast-fed infants have higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than bottle-fed infants.
B) Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood than bottle-fed infants.
C) Breast-fed infants have better cardiovascular health than bottle-fed infants.
D) The cognitive development of breast-fed infants is higher than that of bottle-fed infants.

Accepted Answer

Research supports that breast-fed infants are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood compared to bottle-fed infants.

Question 2

Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the ________ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.
A) Moro
B) rooting
C) grasping
D) fencing

Accepted Answer

The described reflex is the Moro reflex, which is a startle reflex commonly seen in newborn babies. The rooting reflex is when a baby turns towards something touching or brushing their cheek, the grasping reflex is when a baby grips an object placed in their hand, and the fencing reflex is when a baby turns their head to one side and extends one arm while flexing the other.

Question 3

Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early. In order to accomplish that, they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will, thus, result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the ________ systems view of development.
A) maturational
B) evolutionary
C) static
D) dynamic

Accepted Answer

The dynamic systems view of development emphasizes that development is a result of the ongoing, dynamic interaction between various systems, including the individual, the environment, and the task at hand. In this scenario, Kyle and Amy are manipulating the environment (placing the toy out of reach) to influence the baby's motor development (standing and walking). This approach is consistent with the dynamic systems view, as they are recognizing the importance of the interaction between the baby and his environment in promoting development.

Question 4

Donna's doctor recommends that she breast feed her newborn. Research conclusively indicates that breast feeding has several positive outcomes for the mother, including a
A) speedy return to prepregnancy weight.
B) reduced risk of osteoporosis.
C) reduction in the incidence of ovarian cancer.
D) reduced incidence of postpartum depression.

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer in mothers.

Question 5

________ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.
A) Instincts
B) Reflexes
C) Impulses
D) Urges

Accepted Answer

Reflexes are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control. Instincts, impulses, and urges are also innate behaviors, but they are typically more complex and involve some level of decision-making or learning.

Question 6

Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through
A) repeated experiences.
B) the unfolding of a genetic plan.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) a conducive environment.

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell believed that motor development is largely controlled by a genetic plan, which unfolds as the child grows and develops. He viewed maturation as the primary factor influencing motor skill acquisition, rather than external factors such as experience or environmental factors.

Question 7

In the context of the milestones in motor skills development in infants, which of the following is true of the first year?
A) A smaller size at birth is the aspect of pregnancy and delivery with the strongest link to reaching motor milestones earlier.
B) Some infants do not follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments.
C) Breast feeding has no link to reaching the milestones earlier.
D) In the first year of life, infants are motorically skilled and mobile.

Accepted Answer

While there may be some general sequences in motor skill development, every infant is unique and may accomplish milestones at their own pace. Therefore, it is possible for some infants to not follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments. The other options are not accurate: A) size at birth is not strongly linked to motor milestones, B) breast feeding has been linked to developmental benefits but not specifically to reaching motor milestones earlier, and D) while infants do become more motorically skilled and mobile in the first year, they are not immediately skilled and mobile from birth.

Question 8

The view of development that sees motor skills development as a solution to an infant's problems is known as ________ systems theory.
A) dynamic
B) maturational
C) static
D) environmental

Accepted Answer

Dynamic systems theory posits that motor skills development in infants is a process of adapting to their environment, solving problems through interaction and exploration. This theory emphasizes the role of varied factors including physical, neural, and environmental in shaping motor development.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of the development of posture?
A) Postural control is a static process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles.
B) Newborn infants can voluntarily control their posture.
C) Postural control is required for gross motor skills to develop.
D) Locomotion and postural control are independent of each other.

Accepted Answer

Postural control is essential for the development of gross motor skills such as sitting, crawling, and standing. It involves a dynamic process that integrates sensory information from various sources, such as the vestibular system, proprioception, and vision, to maintain balance and stability. Newborn infants do not have full control of their posture and require time and practice to develop this skill. Locomotion and postural control are interdependent, as the ability to move requires a stable base of support provided by the postural control system.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of the outcomes for women who breast feed their infants?
A) Conclusive evidence shows that women who breast feed their infants have a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome in midlife.
B) Consistent evidence indicates a lower incidence of breast cancer in women who breast feed their infants.
C) Evidence indicates reduced rates of osteoporosis in women who breast feed their infants.
D) Evidence shows decreased risk of postpartum depression in women who breast feed their infants.

Accepted Answer

Consistent evidence indicates a lower incidence of breast cancer in women who breast feed their infants. While some studies suggest a possible link between breast feeding and reduced risk of postpartum depression or osteoporosis, evidence is not conclusive. There is no evidence to suggest that breast feeding increases the incidence of metabolic syndrome in midlife for women.

Question 11

In the context of the debate over whether breast feeding is better for an infant than bottle feeding, which of the following is true?
A) The growing consensus is that breast feeding is better for the infant's health.
B) The majority of doctors are in favor of bottle feeding.
C) Breast feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle feeding is better for the baby's health.
D) There are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are breast fed and babies who are bottle fed.

Accepted Answer

While there may still be some differing opinions or individual circumstances where bottle feeding may be necessary, the overall consensus among medical professionals and research studies is that breast feeding is better for an infant's health. Factors such as providing immunity and aiding in digestion make breast milk a superior source of nutrition for babies. Bonding can also occur during bottle feeding, but breast feeding specifically releases hormones that facilitate bonding between mother and infant.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of breast feeding with regard to overweight infants?
A) If complementary foods are introduced after breast feeding, the risk of obesity increases by approximately 20 percent in breast-fed infants.
B) Breast-fed infants are more likely to become overweight or obese in adulthood.
C) Compared with bottle-fed infants, breast-fed infants have more gastrointestinal infections that can lead to obesity.
D) Breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain than bottle-fed infants in childhood and adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain than bottle-fed infants in childhood and adolescence. Breast milk contains unique components such as hormones and enzymes that help regulate a baby's appetite and metabolism, leading to a healthier weight gain.

Question 13

________ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking.
A) Fine
B) Gross
C) Learned
D) Major

Accepted Answer

Gross motor skills involve using large muscle groups for activities such as walking, jumping, and throwing. Fine motor skills involve using small muscle groups for activities such as writing or buttoning a shirt. Learned and major are not relevant terms for this concept.

Question 14

________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing.
A) Posture
B) Cognitive development
C) Alignment
D) Reflexive behavior

Accepted Answer

Posture is the correct answer as it involves the dynamic process of maintaining balance and position in space, which is influenced by sensory information from various sources such as the skin, muscles, joints, vestibular organs, vision, and hearing. Cognitive development, reflexive behavior, and alignment are not relevant in explaining the dynamic process of posture.

Question 15

According to dynamic systems theory, ________.
A) infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
B) infants' perception and action are disconnected
C) motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan
D) infants fine-tune their movements before they perceive something in their environment

Accepted Answer

Dynamic systems theory suggests that infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting, meaning that perception and action are interconnected and develop simultaneously. This theory emphasizes that motor development is not just predetermined by a genetic plan, but rather emerges through a complex system of interactions between the infant, the environment, and the task at hand.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?
A) Reflexive behavior is identical among babies.
B) Some reflexes persist through life.
C) All reflexes have survival value today.
D) All newborn reflexes disappear a few months after birth.

Accepted Answer

Some reflexes such as the knee-jerk reflex and blink reflex persist through life, while others disappear after a few months. Reflexive behavior varies among babies and not all reflexes necessarily have survival value today.

Question 17

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.
A) Moro
B) sucking
C) rooting
D) grasping

Accepted Answer

The description matches the rooting reflex, which is when a newborn turns their head and opens their mouth when their cheek is touched in order to find the nipple for feeding. The other options (Moro, sucking, and grasping) do not match this description.

Question 18

Which of the following reflexes is most likely to occur when something touches an infant's palms?
A) the grasping reflex
B) the rooting reflex
C) the sucking reflex
D) the Moro reflex

Accepted Answer

The grasping reflex is the most likely reflex to occur when something touches an infant's palms. This reflex causes the infant to automatically grasp onto the object. The rooting reflex involves turning the head and opening the mouth in response to a touch on the cheek or lip, the sucking reflex involves beginning to suck when something touches the roof of the mouth, and the Moro reflex involves a startle response when an infant is suddenly dropped or experiences a sudden change in position.

Question 19

Clara, a one-year-old baby, recently started walking. According to research, we would also expect her to
A) show an increase in language development due to interaction with more objects.
B) be safer because she is more in control of her relationship with her environment.
C) make life easier for her parents now that she can walk.
D) show less egocentrism since she is now able to get around on her own.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that there is a correlation between increased physical mobility (such as walking) and an increase in language development due to more interaction with objects and people in the environment. Therefore, it is expected that Clara would also show an increase in language development now that she is walking.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about circumstances when mothers should not breast feed their infants?
A) Mothers should not breast feed when they are infected with HIV.
B) Mothers who are above 35 years of age should not breast feed their infants.
C) Mothers who have type 2 diabetes should not breast feed their infants.
D) Mothers should not breast feed if they have a physical disability.

Accepted Answer

Mothers who are infected with HIV should not breast feed their infants due to the risk of transmitting the virus through breast milk. The other options provided are false; there is no age limit for breastfeeding, mothers with type 2 diabetes are encouraged to breastfeed, and physical disabilities do not necessarily prevent a mother from breastfeeding.

Quiz 4: Physical Development in Infancy

Identify an outcome, which is supported by research, for infants who are breast fed when compared with bottle-fed infants.

Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the ________ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.

Donna's doctor recommends that she breast feed her newborn. Research conclusively indicates that breast feeding has several positive outcomes for the mother, including a

________ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.

Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through

In the context of the milestones in motor skills development in infants, which of the following is true of the first year?

The view of development that sees motor skills development as a solution to an infant's problems is known as ________ systems theory.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of posture?

Which of the following statements is true of the outcomes for women who breast feed their infants?

In the context of the debate over whether breast feeding is better for an infant than bottle feeding, which of the following is true?

Which of the following is true of breast feeding with regard to overweight infants?

________ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking.

________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing.

According to dynamic systems theory, ________.

Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.

Which of the following reflexes is most likely to occur when something touches an infant's palms?

Clara, a one-year-old baby, recently started walking. According to research, we would also expect her to

Which of the following statements is true about circumstances when mothers should not breast feed their infants?