Question 1

Sociocultural example- choice In the Whitehall II study,the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner's model?

Accepted Answer

The Whitehall II study provided an example of sociocultural influence on development because it demonstrated how social class- a cultural and societal factor- was related to physical functioning. This aligns with the sociocultural level of Bronfenbrenner's model, which acknowledges the influence of societal and cultural factors on development.

Question 2

Microsystem- choice In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development,which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

Accepted Answer

The microsystem, which consists of the immediate environment the individual interacts with on a daily basis (such as family, peers, and school), has the most direct impact on the individual in the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development.

Question 3

Life course example- choice A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that,by this age,she should have advanced further than she has by now.Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development?

Accepted Answer

The life course theory emphasizes the importance of understanding development as a complex result of interrelated social, cultural, and historical factors that shape individuals' lives over time. This woman's concern about her career trajectory reflects a life course approach to development in which age and timing are viewed as critical factors shaping individuals' experiences and outcomes.

Question 4

Prenatal stress and development Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother's pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child's body.

Accepted Answer

Prenatal stress can alter the expression of genes that regulate the production of proteins, which can impact the development and function of various systems in the child's body.

Question 5

Disengagement theory- choice The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory?

Accepted Answer

The statement is consistent with the disengagement theory, which suggests that it is natural and desirable for older adults to withdraw from social roles and activities as they age. This theory posits that disengagement from these roles leads to greater life satisfaction because it allows older adults to focus on their own needs and interests. The activity theory, on the other hand, suggests that older adults should remain as active as possible in order to maximize their well-being. Mechanistic and ecological theories are not directly relevant to this concept.

Question 6

Niche-Picking example- choice A young woman joins her college's intramural tennis team because it's a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so.It turns out that she's virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team's roster.This example illustrates which process in in individual-environment interactions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Niche-Picking example- choice A young woman joins...

Question 7

Developmental science- choice To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time,the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field.

Accepted Answer

The term "developmental science" is increasingly used to represent a wider perspective on changes in individuals over time. This term implies a multidisciplinary approach that includes psychology, sociology, biology, and other relevant fields of study. Thus, the best choice is C.

Question 8

Chronosystem definition- choice The changes that take place over time,according to the ecological model of development,fall into the realm of the:

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem refers to the changes that occur over time, including historical events, transitions across the lifespan, and developmental timing. This concept is a critical part of the ecological model of development, which recognizes the complex interplay between individual, family, community, and cultural influences on human development. The other options listed (social clock, age strata, macrosystem) are also part of the ecological model of development but are not specifically related to changes over time.

Question 9

Organismic model- stem Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories?

Accepted Answer

Organismic models of development focus on biological factors and processes, such as genetics and physiological changes, in explaining aging. Therefore, they are most likely to include biological theories of aging.

Question 10

Life span perspective- choice The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The life span perspective views development as a continuous process throughout an individual's entire life, rather than a series of distinct stages or periods. This perspective recognizes that development is shaped by biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors that interact in complex ways over time. It also emphasizes the importance of historical and cultural context in shaping individual development. Both gerontological and sociocultural perspectives focus on specific aspects or stages of development, while the contextual perspective considers the influence of environmental factors on development.

Question 11

Organismic model example- choice A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level.It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development.

Accepted Answer

The organismic model emphasizes the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, and how they shape an individual's development. In this example, the research lab is studying the genetic basis of aging, which aligns with the organismic model.

Question 12

Ageism from WHO According to the World Health Organization,which is one of the stereotypes about aging?

Accepted Answer

The stereotype that older people are helpless and unable to care for themselves is ageist according to the World Health Organization. This stereotype ignores the many older adults who are independent and able to contribute to society in various ways.

Question 13

Social clock definition- choice The idea of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model.

Accepted Answer

The concept of being "on-time" or "off-time" in accomplishing major life goals is known as the social clock. This is an essential aspect of adjustment in the social clock model, which refers to the cultural or societal expectations for when certain milestones should be achieved, such as finishing education, getting married, having children, and retiring. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 14

Ageism example from WHO The ageist stereotype that older adults are "past their sell-by date," according to the World Health Organization,is refuted by the fact that:

Accepted Answer

The example of a 100-year-old Canadian woman completing a marathon demonstrates that older adults are still capable of achieving impressive physical feats and should not be discounted as "past their sell-by date." This refutes the ageist stereotype mentioned by the World Health Organization. The other options are also examples of the capabilities of older adults, but they may not specifically address the stereotype mentioned.

Question 15

Ecological perspective model- stem In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development,which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the type of system that has the most direct impact on the individual in the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development. The microsystem includes the immediate environment in which the individual interacts directly, such as family, school, peers, and community.

Question 16

Reciprocity model- choice Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home,school,and community?

Accepted Answer

The reciprocal model of development emphasizes the idea of reciprocal relationships between individuals and their environment, highlighting the influence that people have on each other in settings such as their home, school, and community. This model suggests that individuals are not only influenced by these environments but also have the power to shape and change them through their actions and interactions. Therefore, choice A is the best answer. The mechanistic model emphasizes the role of genetic and environmental factors in development, whereas the organismic model emphasizes the internal physiological factors. The contextual model emphasizes the importance of cultural and social contexts in shaping development.

Question 17

Continuity theory example- stem An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers.It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working.They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging?

Accepted Answer

The couple in the example are maintaining similar roles (as teachers) even after retirement, which aligns with the continuity theory of aging. Continuity theory suggests that individuals try to maintain a sense of consistency and continuity in their lives even as they age and experience changes. In this case, the couple is finding satisfaction in continuing to work in the same field they were in before retirement.

Question 18

Mechanistic model- choice The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development?

Accepted Answer

The mechanistic model emphasizes the environment's role in shaping behavior, viewing individuals as passive entities influenced by external stimuli.

Question 19

Macrosystem definition- stem In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development,the macrosystem includes:

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem refers to the culture, national policies, and societal values that influence the development of an individual. It encompasses larger societal structures like the economic system, political system, and historical events that shape a person's experiences. It is not about personal relationships or changes in systems over time.

Question 20

Plasticity example- stem According to the plasticity principle in development,individuals can alter the course of their own development by:

Accepted Answer

Engaging in physical and mental exercise is an example of how individuals can alter their own development through plasticity. This is because exercise has been shown to promote the growth and development of new neurons and neural connections in the brain, which can improve cognitive function and emotional regulation. Additionally, physical exercise can improve overall physical health and prevent or mitigate certain health conditions.

Quiz 2: Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood