Question 1

What structure in the hypothalamus coordinates the function of the pineal gland producing melatonin?
A) Substantia nigra
B) Suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) Red nucleus
D) Pons

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, located in the hypothalamus, is responsible for regulating the body's circadian rhythm, including the production of melatonin by the pineal gland. A) Substantia nigra is involved in movement control. C) Red nucleus is involved in motor coordination. D) Pons is involved in breathing and sleep.

Question 2

What biochemical activity accompanies circadian rhythms? Explain how it is affected by the sleep-wake cycle.

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Question 3

Describe the most common sleep disorder and the factors that may cause it.

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Question 4

Chris flew to China for a conference and had difficulty adapting to the 12-hour time difference. This difficulty was most likely due to a phenomenon known as __________.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

What disorder is associated with excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch between one's sleep-wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule of others?
A) Narcolepsy
B) Jet lag
C) Circadian-rhythm
D) Shift work

Accepted Answer

Circadian-rhythm disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch between one's sleep-wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule of others, such as in the case of jet lag or shift work. Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep, while jet lag and shift work are types of circadian-rhythm disorders.

Question 6

According to the information processing theory, dreams are the mind's attempts to organize a day's experiences and commit them to memory.

Accepted Answer

According to the information processing theory, dreams serve to consolidate and process memories, as well as problem-solve and creatively explore solutions to daily challenges.

Question 7

What term associated with the sleep pattern in humans is described as the "biological clock?"

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Anastasia woke up and could remember that she was running from something in a dream. According to Freudian theory, what type of content constitutes the dream image she can recall?
A) Retrograde
B) Biological
C) Manifest
D) Latent

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, there are two levels of dream content: manifest content (the images and events we recall) and latent content (the underlying unconscious thoughts and desires). Anastasia can only recall the manifest content of her dream, and not the latent content, which is why the answer is C, manifest.

Question 9

Herbivorous animals, such as cows or horses, sleep only a few hours each day. Carnivorous predators, such as cats, sleep many hours a day. How do these observations inform theories of functions of sleep?
A) These observations discredit the restorative theory of sleep.
B) These observations support the restorative theory of sleep.
C) These observations discredit the adaptive theory of sleep.
D) These observations support the adaptive theory of sleep.

Accepted Answer

These observations support the adaptive theory of sleep. Herbivorous animals need to spend a lot of time eating to obtain the energy they need, so they have less time for sleep. On the other hand, carnivorous predators expend a lot of energy during brief periods of hunting, so they need to sleep for longer periods to conserve energy. This suggests that the amount of time animals sleep is adapted to their ecological niche and energy needs.

Question 10

What sleep disorder is characterized by frequent awakening due to repeated instances in which an individual stops breathing?

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Question 11

The growth theory of sleep is supported among humans by the _______ correlation between age and the number of hours of sleep per day.
A) positive
B) perfect
C) negative
D) zero

Accepted Answer

The growth theory of sleep suggests that sleep is important for growth and development, which is why infants and children, who are in critical growth phases, tend to sleep more than adults. Therefore, there is a negative correlation between age and the number of hours of sleep per day, as sleep duration typically decreases with age.

Question 12

How does the presence of melatonin influence the sleep-wake cycle?

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Question 13

A biological explanation for dreaming that suggests that dreams activate specific brain structures to synthesize the meaning of internal signals is know as the __________ model.

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Question 14

The adaptive theory of sleep would probably be endorsed MOST strongly by a(n) __________ psychologist. The restorative theory of sleep would probably be endorsed MOST strongly by a(n) ________ psychologist.
A) evolutionary; behavioral
B) evolutionary; cognitive
C) evolutionary; neuroscientific
D) neuroscientific; evolutionary

Accepted Answer

The adaptive theory of sleep, which suggests sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect organisms during periods of vulnerability, aligns with evolutionary psychology. The restorative theory, which posits that sleep is essential for physical and mental recovery, aligns with neuroscientific psychology.

Question 15

Genetics play a marginal role in determining variations in sleep-wake rhythms.

Accepted Answer

Genetics actually play a significant role in determining variations in sleep-wake rhythms. This is supported by research on circadian rhythm disorders, which have been linked to specific genetic mutations. Additionally, twin studies have shown that genetic factors account for up to 60% of the variability in sleep timing and duration.

Question 16

Working night shifts may result in irregular sleep patterns and depression.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that working night shifts can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythms, leading to irregular sleep patterns and an increased risk of depression.

Question 17

What activity in Stage 2 sleep includes bursts of brain activity that last one to two seconds?

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

The drowsy pre-sleep period is called the __________ state.

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Question 19

Dana wakes up at 5:30 A.M. She goes to the gym then studies for a few hours before going to her morning classes at the university. Dana would be described as a __________ because of her ability to function well in the early morning hours.

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Question 20

Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep?

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Quiz 6: Consciousness

What structure in the hypothalamus coordinates the function of the pineal gland producing melatonin?