Question 1

According to the text,physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory.In other words,exercise facilitates _____ in the _____.

Accepted Answer

The text specifically states that physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons, which is neurogenesis, in areas responsible for learning and memory. The areas mentioned in the text are the hippocampus, not the amygdala. Therefore, the best choice is B, neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Question 2

Which of these is an operational definition of crystallized intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to knowledge and abilities accumulated over time, such as vocabulary, facts, and understanding of culture, that can be measured through standardized tests like a vocabulary test. A is measuring processing speed, C is measuring abstract reasoning, and D is measuring reading speed.

Question 3

People tend to shrink as they get older.One longitudinal study found that adults lost an average of about _____ inches over a 30-year period.

Accepted Answer

As people age, they often experience a decrease in height due to factors like spinal compression and changes in posture. The study found an average height loss of about 1½ inches over 30 years.

Question 4

Don just turned 65,and he feels as if he made no real contributions through his career.He is starting to believe that his life has been meaningless and that it has had no purpose.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Don will:

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the final stage of psychosocial development is "ego integrity vs. despair," which occurs in late adulthood. Individuals who have a sense of integrity feel satisfied with their accomplishments and feel that their life had a purpose. However, those who feel despair feel that they have not lived a fulfilling life and have not made meaningful contributions. Don's belief that he has made no real contributions and that his life has been meaningless suggests that he is experiencing feelings of despair.

Question 5

Erickson and colleagues (2011)randomly assigned older adults to one of two activities: a gentle stretching condition or a more intense aerobic exercise condition.Because Erickson and colleagues randomly assigned participants to the activities and because they deliberately manipulated the activity,their investigation is an example of the _____ research method.

Accepted Answer

The study described involves manipulating an independent variable (the type of activity) and measuring its effects on a dependent variable (health outcomes for older adults). Because the participants were randomly assigned to each group, this is a true experiment.

Question 6

Studies of cognitive changes in later adulthood suggest an age-related decline in _____ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to reason abstractly and solve novel problems independent of prior knowledge, tends to decline with age. Crystallized intelligence, which is based on acquired knowledge and skills, tends to remain stable or slightly improve in later adulthood. Verbal intelligence may also remain stable or decline only slightly. The concept of abstract intelligence is not well-defined and is not typically assessed in cognitive studies.

Question 7

Eugene is 27 years old,and he feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices he has made so far; and consequently he is reluctant at this point to undertake a serious,committed relationship with another person.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Eugene will:

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the stage of intimacy versus isolation occurs in young adulthood. If Eugene is feeling insecure about personal and career choices, he may avoid forming close relationships with others due to fear of rejection or failure. This can lead to a sense of isolation, which is the negative outcome of this stage.

Question 8

Which statement expresses the relationship with age of scores on measures of fluid intelligence and scores on measures of crystallized intelligence?

Accepted Answer

As individuals age, their scores on measures of fluid intelligence tend to decrease. This is due to the decline in cognitive processing speed and ability to learn new information. However, scores on measures of crystallized intelligence may actually increase with age, as individuals accumulate knowledge and experience over time. Therefore, option A is the correct statement that expresses the relationship with age of scores on measures of fluid intelligence and scores on measures of crystallized intelligence.

Question 9

Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in 1 minute.Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams.Jody is completing a test of _____ intelligence,whereas Aditi is completing a test of _____ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Jody's test involves recalling factual information, which falls under crystallized intelligence, whereas Aditi's test requires the ability to decode and establish relationships between abstract figures, which is a function of fluid intelligence.

Question 10

Imagine a graph showing fluid and crystallized intelligence scores as a function of age.Age appears on the x-axis,with increasing age toward the right.One curve portrays fluid intelligence scores; the other,crystallized intelligence scores.Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the two curves as age increases?

Accepted Answer

As age increases, the two curves diverge. The slope of the fluid intelligence curve becomes increasingly negative, indicating a decrease in fluid intelligence with age. The slope of the crystallized intelligence curve eventually becomes positive, indicating an increase in crystallized intelligence with age. This suggests that while fluid intelligence may decline with age, crystallized intelligence may continue to improve through accumulated knowledge and experience.

Question 11

According to Erikson,the psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation occurs:

Accepted Answer

The psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation occurs during the early adult years, typically between the ages of 20 and 40. During this stage, individuals seek close relationships with others and try to form intimate, loving relationships. If they are successful in doing so, they will develop a sense of commitment and security in their relationships. If they are not successful, they may experience feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Question 12

Denise is in her mid-40s; she has never married and is childless.Her job is routine and she feels as if she hasn't really done much to contribute to society's future.In Erikson's terms,Denise is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, stagnation is the stage that occurs in middle adulthood, in which an individual may feel unproductive or that they have not made any significant contributions to society or the next generation. Denise's feelings of routine and a lack of contribution suggest that she is experiencing stagnation. Despair is associated with late adulthood, isolation with early adulthood, and role confusion with adolescence.

Question 13

Which of the following correctly matches an age to the result of successfully accomplishing the corresponding identity crisis?

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, young adulthood (around 24 years old) is associated with the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation, middle adulthood (around 44 years old) with generativity vs. stagnation, and late adulthood (around 73 years old) with ego integrity vs. despair, which leads to satisfaction if resolved successfully.

Question 14

When a woman stops ovulating and becomes incapable of reproduction,she experiences:

Accepted Answer

Menopause is the stage in a woman's life when her body stops ovulating and menstruation ceases permanently. It generally happens between the ages of 45 and 55, and is marked by a decrease in estrogen production by the ovaries. Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual periods, but it can occur for reasons other than menopause. Andropause is a term used to describe the natural decline in testosterone levels that occurs in men, while menarche refers to a girl's first menstrual period.

Question 15

Mrs.Kendall is completing the vocabulary portion of an intelligence test as a participant in a cognitive aging study.Mrs.Kendall is completing a test of _____ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence involves the ability to use acquired knowledge and skills. Vocabulary, which involves the comprehension and use of language, is specifically related to crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence, on the other hand, involves reasoning abilities and problem-solving skills, whereas processing speed and working memory are components of processing and working memory, respectively.

Question 16

If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation,Mike is probably:

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, middle adulthood (ages 40-65) is the stage where individuals face the task of achieving generativity versus stagnation. Generativity involves contributing to society and future generations, while stagnation represents a lack of growth and productivity. Therefore, if Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation, he is most likely in his middle adulthood.

Question 17

Adults experience a sense of ______ when their activities contribute positively to society.

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adults in the middle adulthood stage experience a sense of generativity, which refers to the desire to contribute positively to society and leave a lasting legacy. This is often accompanied by feelings of productivity, fulfillment, and the sense that one's life has meaning and purpose.

Question 18

The frequency of exercise is _____ correlated with good bone density in middle age and late life.

Accepted Answer

The word "correlated" suggests a relationship between two variables. The sentence states that exercise frequency is correlated with good bone density, indicating a positive relationship between the two. Therefore, the best answer is C) positively correlated.

Question 19

What percent of adults attains Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that approximately 50% of adults reach the formal operational stage, where they can think abstractly and hypothetically.

Question 20

Erickson and colleagues (2011)randomly assigned older adults to one of two activities: a gentle stretching condition,or a more intense aerobic exercise condition.The activity is the _____ variable in this study.

Accepted Answer

The activity is the independent variable because it is the variable that is manipulated by the researchers to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Quiz 8: Human Development

According to the text,physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory.In other words,exercise facilitates _ in the _.