Question 1

Try as she might,Zoey cannot remember anything from the first three years of her childhood.Which of the following is NOT considered a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

Accepted Answer

The concept of new memories interfering with the retrieval of early childhood memories is not a widely accepted explanation for infantile amnesia. The other options (A, B, D) are considered plausible explanations, focusing on the depth of encoding, brain development, and the development of self-concept, respectively.

Question 2

Sir Fredrick Bartlett had his participants read a story called "The War of the Ghosts," a unique tale from the 18th century.Participants' recall of the story 20 hours later was highly inaccurate and Bartlett interpreted these results as being due to ______________.

Accepted Answer

Bartlett concluded that the inaccuracies in recall were due to the lack of an appropriate schema, as participants tried to fit the unfamiliar story into their existing knowledge structures, leading to distortions.

Question 3

Based on case studies and clinical experience,most therapists believe that repression is a valid concept,while many researchers in academic environments argue that the forgetting of traumatic events may be due to _______________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on case studies and clinical experience,most...

Question 4

When asked to reproduce or draw a picture from memory,people consistently remember scenes as being more expansive or wider than they actually are.This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Boundary extension refers to the tendency of people to remember scenes as being larger or more expanded than they actually are. This phenomenon has been studied extensively in psychology and is believed to be related to how our visual system processes and encodes spatial information.

Question 5

Regarding eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that male eyewitnesses tend to be more confident in their identifications than female eyewitnesses, although this increased confidence does not necessarily correlate with increased accuracy.

Question 6

Sir Fredrick Bartlett's experiment showing how people misremembered various elements of a unique Pacific Northwest Indian story was discussed to demonstrate the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Sir Fredrick Bartlett's experiment showed how people reconstructed their memory of a story based on their own cultural background and norms, suggesting that memory is not an exact replica of past events, but rather a reconstruction.

Question 7

The distortion of a memory by misleading post-event data or facts is known as:

Accepted Answer

The description fits the concept of the misinformation effect, which refers to the impact of suggestive information on one's recollection of an event or experience. The other options refer to different concepts: proactive interference refers to the tendency of prior learning to interfere with new learning, anterograde amnesia is a type of memory loss that prevents the encoding of new memories, and the encoding specificity principle emphasizes the importance of matching environmental and contextual cues between encoding and retrieval for successful memory recall.

Question 8

A researcher studies a person who suffered anterograde amnesia after a serious car accident damaged his hippocampus.According to the text,he would probably be using which of the primary approaches to studying the brain systems involved in memory?

Accepted Answer

The person in the scenario suffered damage to a specific brain region (the hippocampus), which is indicative of a lesion study. A lesion study involves observing the effects of damage to specific brain regions and is often used to study the functions of the brain. The other options, brain imaging, neuro-imaging, and nonhuman animal lesion experiments, may also be useful in studying memory systems but are not the best choice given the specific scenario presented in the question.

Question 9

A child is a witness to a car accident.When he testifies in court,he states that a particular car ran a red light and caused the accident.Though the child actually believes this is what happened,this memory is inaccurate and has been created by his exposure to the repeated questioning of attorneys who have suggested that this is what happened.This example best demonstrates the problems associated with:

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of source confusion, where the child's memory has been altered by the repeated questioning of attorneys suggesting a certain outcome. The child has confused their own memory with the suggestions made by others, leading to an inaccurate recollection of the event.

Question 10

In terms of witnesses' identifications of possible perpetrators,identifications based on auditory cues alone (e.g.,voice)tend to be:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that identifications based on auditory cues alone are generally less accurate than visual cues or cues from multiple sensory modalities. This is because auditory information is more easily influenced by external factors such as background noise or accents.

Question 11

Our tendency to recall something or to recognize it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it is called:

Accepted Answer

Source confusion occurs when we remember something but can't recall where we encountered it. This often happens when we are exposed to similar information from different sources, making it difficult to identify the specific source of a particular memory. Proactive interference refers to when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn and remember new information, while retroactive interference involves new information interfering with the ability to recall previously learned information. Temporary functional amnesia is not a commonly used or recognized term in the field of psychology.

Question 12

The memories of children who were undergoing painful medical procedures reveal that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The memories of children who were undergoing...

Question 13

The term boundary extension refers to our tendency to remember scenes as being more expansive than they actually are.It is thought that this occurs because of _______________.

Accepted Answer

Boundary extension is believed to occur because of our expectation about how scenes should look. Our brain fills in details based on past experiences and expectations, leading us to remember scenes as being more expansive than they actually are.

Question 14

Leichtman and Ceci investigated how misleading information can impact children's recall of information.Their results revealed that:

Accepted Answer

Leichtman and Ceci found that children who received misleading information before or after a key event had more inaccurate memories than children in a control group. This indicates that the children's recall of information was impacted by the misleading information they received.

Question 15

Research on the impact of misinformation effects with children has revealed that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both younger and older children are susceptible to misinformation effects, but younger children are more vulnerable due to their less developed cognitive abilities and limited knowledge base.

Question 16

An eyewitness from a crime is asked to look through some mug shots to see if he can identify the person who committed the crime.After doing this,he sees a police lineup of suspects and identifies one of the men as the person who committed the crime because he looks very familiar.Unfortunately,the man in the lineup looks familiar not because the eyewitness saw him commit the crime but because he saw his face in the mug shot books a few hours ago and the eyewitness has forgotten this.This example best demonstrates the phenomenon of:

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon demonstrated in this scenario is source confusion, which occurs when a person is unable to remember the source of a memory and mistakenly attributes it to another source. In this case, the eyewitness's memory of seeing the man's face in the mug shot book was mistakenly attributed to witnessing him committing the crime. Proactive interference, retrograde amnesia, and memory consolidation are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 17

Goodman et al.investigated the impact of leading questions on children's memories for a traumatic event (i.e.,a painful hospital procedure)and found that overall,younger children had memories that were less accurate than older children and that misleading questions had _______ effect on children's memories for this particular event.

Accepted Answer

The word "misleading" in the question implies that the questions were leading, or suggestive. The fact that this had "no effect" on children's memories means that they were not significantly influenced or changed by the leading questions.

Question 18

In order to investigate the brain systems involved in episodic memory,Dr.Jones gathers MRI readings from participants as they recall events from the previous day.Dr.Jones's research is best categorized as an example of a:

Accepted Answer

Dr. Jones is using MRI readings to investigate the brain systems involved in episodic memory, which is an example of a brain imaging study. A human lesion study involves investigating the effects of brain damage on behavior, state-dependent memory task involves the influence of internal states on memory retrieval, and a nonhuman animal lesion experiment involves inducing brain damage in animal subjects to investigate behavior.

Question 19

Kim and Jordan are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery.At the police station they each select Mike from a police lineup,and say,"He's the thief." It turns out though,that Mike has been a customer at the store where Kim works.Jordan has never seen Mike before.With this background,whose identification of Mike is more valuable to the police?

Accepted Answer

Kim's previous encounter with Mike may have influenced her identification of him as the thief, whereas Jordan's identification is solely based on the police lineup. Therefore, Jordan's identification is more valuable to the police in this case. Additionally, research has shown that memory for faces can be distorted by previous encounters or external influences, which further supports the superiority of Jordan's identification in this scenario.

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding the tendency for people to forget traumatic personal events is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both children and adults can experience memory loss for traumatic events. While it was once believed that children were less likely to forget traumatic events, recent studies have found that memory loss can occur in both children and adults.

Quiz 8: Memory