Question 1

Research on memory began in the middle of the ________ century.

Accepted Answer

Research on memory began in the 19th century, specifically in the 1870s with the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus on memory consolidation and forgetting.

Question 2

The computer-like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information is the ________ model.

Accepted Answer

The information-processing model describes the way humans take in information through their senses, encode it into their memory, store it, and then retrieve it when needed. This model compares the brain to a computer, with information moving through different stages of processing similar to the way a computer processes data. The other options listed (psychodynamic, heuristic, and holistic) do not relate specifically to the processing of information in the brain.

Question 3

The first truly scientific memory experiments were conducted by ________, who used himself as a subject.

Accepted Answer

The first truly scientific memory experiments were conducted by Hermann Ebbinghaus, who used himself as a subject. He developed a method of studying memory that involved memorizing meaningless syllables and measuring how long it took to relearn them after a certain period of time had passed. This approach allowed him to quantify aspects of memory that had previously been difficult to study.

Question 4

Ebbinghaus found that ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ebbinghaus found that ________.
...

Question 5

You look up a telephone number in the directory. You find the name and the number: 3531416. For a split second, the image of the number resides in ________. The image fades quickly, yet you manage to keep the number in ________ through ________.

Accepted Answer

The image of the number initially resides in the sensory register, but is quickly transferred to STM through attention. In this case, the number is kept in STM through rote rehearsal, which is a simple process of repeating the information over and over again to keep it in STM. Once the information is rehearsed enough, it may be transferred to LTM, but this process is not necessary for this scenario. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 6

The first stage of information processing involves ________.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of information processing is called attention or perception, which involves selecting some of the material bombarding our senses to think about and remember. This is the process of taking in sensory information from the environment and filtering out irrelevant information. Storing, encoding, and converting information from short-term to long-term memory occur after the initial stage of attention/perception.

Question 7

The icon and the echo refer to images in ________.

Accepted Answer

The icon and the echo refer to visual and auditory images, respectively, in the sensory registers, which are part of the sensory memory system.

Question 8

Which of the following sensory registers have been studied more extensively than any others?

Accepted Answer

Auditory and visual sensory registers have been studied more extensively than any others. This is because they are the most important registers for daily life activities such as communication and navigation. Additionally, they are easier to study compared to other registers such as olfactory and gustatory, which are harder to manipulate and measure.

Question 9

In Sperling's experiments, people were able to remember about ________ of the 12 letters presented to them if he had them recall the letters immediately after presenting them.

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiments showed that people could typically remember around 9 out of the 12 letters presented to them in a short amount of time. This is known as sensory memory and shows that we can briefly hold a large amount of information before it is lost.

Question 10

The sensory registers have a(n) ________ capacity.

Accepted Answer

The sensory registers have a virtually unlimited capacity, as they can take in countless sensory information from the environment. However, this sensory information is only held in the sensory register for a very brief period of time, usually a few milliseconds to a few seconds.

Question 11

Our auditory sensation of someone's voice would be initially stored in ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Our auditory sensation of someone's voice would...

Question 12

Our visual sensation of a passing automobile would be initially stored in ________.

Accepted Answer

The sensory registers are responsible for briefly storing incoming sensory information, such as visual information from a passing automobile, before it is transferred to short-term memory or forgotten.

Question 13

The sensory registers ________.

Accepted Answer

Sensory registers receive raw information from the sensory systems, such as visual information from the eyes and auditory information from the ears. They do not control attention span or retain past information, and they are not measures of retention.

Question 14

The sensory registers have a ________ capacity and hold information for a ________ time.

Accepted Answer

The sensory registers can hold a large amount of information, but only for a very short period of time, typically less than a second for visual information and a few seconds for auditory information.

Question 15

A visual image held in the sensory register is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

A visual image held in the sensory register is called an icon.

Question 16

In Sperling's experiments, people were able to remember about ________ of 12 letters presented to them if he waited a full second between presenting the letters and asking people to recall them.

Accepted Answer

In Sperling's experiments on sensory memory, participants could recall about 4-5 letters when there was a delay of a full second between the presentation of the letters and the recall prompt, due to the rapid decay of sensory memory.

Question 17

The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Memory refers to the ability to store, retain and retrieve information about past experiences, knowledge, skills, and abilities. Acquisition refers to the process of gaining and acquiring new information and skills. Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to perform a certain task, while intelligence refers to the ability to learn, reason, understand and apply knowledge and skills. Out of these options, memory is the most appropriate answer for the ability to remember past experiences and learning.

Question 18

The entry point for raw information from the senses are the ________.

Accepted Answer

Sensory registers are the initial entry points for raw sensory information from the senses before it is processed further.

Question 19

A possible limitation of Ebbinghaus's studies was that he ________.

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus only used himself as a subject in his studies, which limits the generalizability of his findings to other individuals.

Question 20

Ebbinghaus used ________ to study memory processes.

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables, which are made up of consonant-vowel-consonant combinations that have no meaning, to study memory processes. He memorized lists of these syllables and then tested himself on how many he could recall after different intervals of time.

Quiz 6: Memory