Question 1

A psychologist flashes a sequence of five letters (such as STWLG) on a screen in front of you and then asks you immediately to count backward from 1000 by 7s. After a few seconds, she asks you to recall the five letters. This psychologist is most likely studying the ________.
A) effect of proactive interference on STM
B) use of semantic codes in LTM
C) role of decay in STM loss
D) relative effectiveness of rote and elaborative rehearsal

Accepted Answer

This experiment is designed to study the role of decay in short-term memory (STM) loss. By distracting you with a task immediately after showing the letters, the psychologist is testing how quickly information can fade from STM when not actively rehearsed or encoded into long-term memory.

Question 2

Emotional memories are dependent on the ________.
A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) temporal lobe

Accepted Answer

Emotional memories involve the amygdala, which is part of the limbic system and plays a key role in processing emotions and forming emotional memories. The cerebellum is primarily involved in motor coordination, the thalamus in sensory processing, and the temporal lobe is important for memory formation but is not specific to emotional memories.

Question 3

The amygdala is most involved in the processing of ________ memory.
A) procedural
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) emotional

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known to be heavily involved in the processing and regulation of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Therefore, it is most likely involved in emotional memory, which includes the formation and retrieval of memories associated with intense emotional experiences.

Question 4

The hippocampus is crucial to the functioning of ________ memory.
A) semantic and episodic
B) procedural and emotional
C) episodic and procedural
D) emotional and semantic

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is known to be important for the formation and retrieval of both semantic (facts and knowledge) and episodic (personal experiences) memory.

Question 5

Short-term memories seem to be located primarily in the ________.
A) hippocampus and the thalamus
B) prefrontal cortex and the brain stem
C) temporal lobes and the hippocampus
D) temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

Short-term memories are primarily associated with the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in processing and maintaining information temporarily, and the temporal lobes, which are involved in processing sensory input and are crucial for memory formation.

Question 6

When people are asked to recall names of people, there is increased activity in a particular area of the ________ lobe.
A) right temporal
B) right frontal
C) left frontal
D) left temporal

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the left temporal lobe, specifically the anterior portion, is consistently activated when individuals are asked to retrieve names of people. This area is also involved in semantic memory processing, which includes the storage and retrieval of facts about people, among other things.

Question 7

Researchers have found that long-term retention of information is particularly affected by ________.
A) glucagon
B) melatonin
C) thyroxin
D) cortisol

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress, and elevated levels of cortisol have been linked to impaired long-term retention of information. Therefore, option D is the best choice. Options A, B, and C are not known to have a significant impact on long-term retention of information.

Question 8

After an accident in which she suffers a brain injury, Ellen is unable to recall new emotional experiences, even though her emotional memories of events prior to the accident are intact. She has most likely suffered damage to her ________.
A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) amygdala

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing and storing emotional memories. Damage to the amygdala can result in the inability to form new emotional memories, while leaving memory of events prior to the damage intact.

Question 9

Procedural memories appear to be located primarily in the ________.
A) hippocampus
B) reticular formation
C) basal ganglia
D) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is known to be primarily involved in the formation and storage of procedural memories, including those related to motor skills and conditioned responses. The other brain regions listed (hippocampus, reticular formation, and basal ganglia) are involved in other aspects of memory formation and retrieval, but not primarily procedural memories.

Question 10

Experiments known as distractor studies have found most of the evidence supporting ________ theory.
A) retrieval
B) decay
C) amnesia
D) interference

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experiments known as distractor studies have found...

Question 11

According to ________ theory, memories deteriorate because of the passage of time.
A) amnesia
B) retrieval
C) interference
D) decay

Accepted Answer

Decay theory proposes that memories fade or deteriorate over time if they are not rehearsed or used frequently. This theory suggests that forgetting occurs due to the passage of time and the natural decay of memory traces in the brain. Other theories of forgetting include interference theory, which suggests that forgetting occurs due to the competition between new and old information, and retrieval failure theory, which proposes that forgetting occurs due to the inability to retrieve information from memory. Amnesia refers to a loss of memory due to brain damage or injury.

Question 12

Patients who are treated with electroconvulsive shock therapy often suffer memory losses for events that occurred up to three hours before the treatment. These memory problems are most likely due to disruption of the ________.
A) hippocampus
B) temporal lobe
C) parietal lobe
D) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for encoding and consolidating new memories, particularly episodic memories, which are memories of events and experiences. Disruption of the hippocampus during electroconvulsive therapy can result in memory loss for events that occurred around the time of the treatment.

Question 13

Of the following, the ________ is most important in the ability to remember spatial relationships.
A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) mid-brain
D) hippocampus

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus plays a crucial role in spatial memory and navigation. Research has shown that damage to the hippocampus can result in deficits in spatial memory. The other regions listed are also involved in various aspects of memory and cognition, but are not as directly linked to spatial relationships.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?
A) Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem.
B) All memories are stored in one place in the brain.
C) Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.
D) Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. For example, the hippocampus is essential for the formation of new long-term memories, while the amygdala is associated with emotional memories, and the cerebellum appears to be responsible for procedural memories (such as riding a bike or playing an instrument). Therefore, different types of memories are stored in different parts of the brain.

Question 15

Research has demonstrated that when people are exposed to highly stressful events, their memory for the emotional aspect of the event is ________. Their memory for the nonemotional aspects of the event is ________.
A) enhanced; enhanced
B) disrupted; disrupted
C) enhanced; disrupted
D) disrupted; enhanced

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that during highly stressful events, the emotional aspects are often remembered more vividly (enhanced), while the nonemotional details tend to be less accurately recalled (disrupted).

Question 16

The memories primarily located in the cerebellum are ________ memories.
A) semantic
B) emotional
C) procedural
D) episodic

Accepted Answer

Procedural memories are memories that involve motor skills and learned behaviors, such as riding a bike or playing an instrument. The cerebellum is primarily responsible for the control of motor movements, making it an important location for the storage of procedural memories. Semantic memories involve knowledge and facts, emotional memories involve feelings and emotions, and episodic memories involve specific events and experiences.

Question 17

Of the following, the hippocampus is least involved in ________ memory.
A) emotional
B) semantic
C) spatial
D) episodic

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is primarily involved in spatial and episodic memory, and to some extent in semantic memory. Emotional memory is more associated with the amygdala.

Question 18

Researchers have found that episodic and semantic memories are stored in ________.
A) the same portions of the temporal lobes but different areas of the frontal lobes
B) the same portions of the frontal and temporal lobes
C) the same portions of the frontal lobes but different areas of the temporal lobes
D) different portions of the frontal and temporal lobes

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that episodic memories are stored in different portions of the frontal and temporal lobes than semantic memories. Episodic memories are thought to be processed primarily in the hippocampus and other areas of the temporal lobes, while semantic memories are processed mainly in the prefrontal cortex and other areas of the frontal lobes. This distinction is supported by studies of brain-damaged patients and neuroimaging research.

Question 19

The brain structure involved in the functioning of new long-term semantic and episodic memories is the ________.
A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) substantia nigra
D) basal forebrain

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is involved in the formation of new long-term semantic and episodic memories. Studies have shown that damage to the hippocampus can lead to difficulties in forming new memories. The basal ganglia is more involved in procedural memory, while the substantia nigra is primarily involved in the motor system. The basal forebrain is important for attention and arousal but not specifically for memory formation.

Question 20

Long-term semantic memories seem to be located primarily in the ________.
A) temporal lobes and frontal lobes
B) prefrontal cortex and the brain stem
C) hippocampus and the thalamus
D) parietal lobes and the prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

Long-term semantic memories, which refer to general knowledge about the world, are primarily located in the temporal lobes and frontal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are important for the storage and retrieval of semantic memories, while the frontal lobes are involved in the organization and retrieval of these memories.

Quiz 6: Memory

A psychologist flashes a sequence of five letters (such as STWLG) on a screen in front of you and then asks you immediately to count backward from 1000 by 7s. After a few seconds, she asks you to recall the five letters. This psychologist is most likely studying the ________.

Emotional memories are dependent on the ________.

The amygdala is most involved in the processing of ________ memory.

The hippocampus is crucial to the functioning of ________ memory.

Short-term memories seem to be located primarily in the ________.

When people are asked to recall names of people, there is increased activity in a particular area of the ________ lobe.

Researchers have found that long-term retention of information is particularly affected by ________.

After an accident in which she suffers a brain injury, Ellen is unable to recall new emotional experiences, even though her emotional memories of events prior to the accident are intact. She has most likely suffered damage to her ________.

Procedural memories appear to be located primarily in the ________.

Experiments known as distractor studies have found most of the evidence supporting ________ theory.

According to ________ theory, memories deteriorate because of the passage of time.

Patients who are treated with electroconvulsive shock therapy often suffer memory losses for events that occurred up to three hours before the treatment. These memory problems are most likely due to disruption of the ________.

Of the following, the ________ is most important in the ability to remember spatial relationships.

Which of the following statements is true?

Research has demonstrated that when people are exposed to highly stressful events, their memory for the emotional aspect of the event is . Their memory for the nonemotional aspects of the event is .

The memories primarily located in the cerebellum are ________ memories.

Of the following, the hippocampus is least involved in ________ memory.

Researchers have found that episodic and semantic memories are stored in ________.

The brain structure involved in the functioning of new long-term semantic and episodic memories is the ________.

Long-term semantic memories seem to be located primarily in the ________.