Question 1

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.
A) Anthropomorphism
B) Anthropodenial
C) Convergent thinking
D) Divergent thinking

Accepted Answer

Anthropomorphism is the tendency to project human characteristics onto non-human entities like animals, objects, or natural phenomena. It is a common cognitive bias found in literature, movies, cartoons, and artwork. The opposite of anthropomorphism is anthropodenial, which is the denial of human-like qualities in animals or other entities. Convergent and divergent thinking are cognitive processes related to creativity and problem-solving, and they are not directly related to anthropomorphism.

Question 2

Without _________, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.
A) componential intelligence
B) contextual intelligence
C) experiential intelligence
D) metacognitive intelligence

Accepted Answer

Contextual intelligence refers to the ability to understand and work effectively in different situations and contexts. Tacit knowledge is knowledge that is difficult to formalize or transfer through written or verbal communication, and therefore requires context-specific experience and understanding. Without contextual intelligence, it would be difficult to understand and effectively acquire tacit knowledge.

Question 3

Which of the following statements defines basic concepts?
A) They are concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances.
B) They are especially representative examples of another concept.
C) They are integrated mental networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.
D) They are made up of other concepts and express a single idea.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements defines basic...

Question 4

An especially representative example of a concept is called a(n):
A) mental set.
B) basic concept.
C) algorithm.
D) prototype.

Accepted Answer

A prototype is an especially representative example of a concept. It is a typical or best example of a particular concept, which means it summarizes the essential qualities of that concept.

Question 5

Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
A) metacognitive intelligence
B) cultural intelligence
C) contextual intelligence
D) emotional intelligence

Accepted Answer

Contextual intelligence is one of the three components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, along with analytical intelligence and practical intelligence. Contextual intelligence refers to the ability to understand and navigate different contexts and adapt to changing situations. The other answer choices are not components included in the theory.

Question 6

People who are ________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.
A) prereflective
B) quasi-reflective
C) semi-reflective
D) reflective

Accepted Answer

Reflective thinkers are individuals who are willing to question assumptions, consider alternative perspectives, and evaluate evidence before coming to a conclusion. They understand that not all knowledge can be certain, but they still value critical thinking and evidence-based judgments.

Question 7

________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments.
A) Psychometrics
B) Cognitive ethology
C) Factor analysis
D) Metacognition

Accepted Answer

Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, particularly in natural environments. Psychometrics is the study of psychological measurement and assessment, factor analysis is a statistical technique used to analyze the relationship between variables, and metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Question 8

________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.
A) Contextual intelligence
B) Emotional intelligence
C) Metacognition
D) Tacit knowledge

Accepted Answer

Metacognition is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes, including thinking, learning, and problem-solving strategies. It involves monitoring and controlling one's own mental processes to improve learning and performance. Contextual intelligence refers to the ability to understand and navigate different cultural and social contexts. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is difficult to articulate or transfer to others, often gained through experience or practice.

Question 9

Based on the powers of thought and intelligence, human beings are called homo sapiens, which translates as:
A) rational man.
B) creative man.
C) anthropomorphic man.
D) anthropocentric man.

Accepted Answer

Homo sapiens is a Latin term that translates to "wise man" or "knowing man." It emphasizes the species' mental capacities, including reasoning, learning, memory, and problem-solving skills, which distinguish humans from other animals. The term "rational" aligns best with this definition, making choice A the most appropriate. Choices B and C are not entirely wrong, as humans possess creative and anthropomorphic traits, but they don't describe the Homo sapiens' essential characteristic. Choice D is incorrect since it implies a human-centric worldview, which is not the main focus of the term Homo sapiens.

Question 10

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:
A) prototype.
B) mental image.
C) cognitive schema.
D) proposition.

Accepted Answer

A proposition is a unit of meaning that expresses a single idea or concept. It consists of a subject, which is the entity or concept being discussed, and a predicate, which is the information being expressed about the subject. Therefore, a proposition is the best choice for this description. A prototype is a mental representation of the most typical example of a category, a mental image is a visual representation of an object or scene, and a cognitive schema is a mental framework that organizes knowledge and provides a structure for understanding and interpreting information. None of these terms accurately describe a unit of meaning that expresses a single idea.

Question 11

Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept "fruit" for someone who grew up in the American Midwest?
A) pineapple
B) apple
C) star fruit
D) kiwi

Accepted Answer

Apples are a common fruit in the American Midwest and are often associated with the region. Pineapples, star fruit, and kiwis are not typically grown or consumed in the region, making them less likely to be seen as prototypes for the concept of "fruit."

Question 12

________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
A) Componential
B) Emotional
C) Contextual
D) Experiential

Accepted Answer

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions, as well as recognize and influence the emotions of others. This involves a variety of skills related to self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Componential intelligence refers to cognitive abilities such as problem-solving and decision-making, while contextual intelligence refers to the ability to understand and adapt to one's environment. Experiential intelligence focuses on experiential learning and creativity skills.

Question 13

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:
A) a mental set.
B) confirmation bias.
C) stereotype threat.
D) mindlessness.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. This can lead to a narrow and biased view of the world and can prevent individuals from considering alternative viewpoints and evidence.

Question 14

A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties is called a(n):
A) mental set.
B) concept.
C) algorithm.
D) prototype.

Accepted Answer

A concept is a mental category that groups similar things together based on their common properties. Mental sets refer to a tendency to approach problems in a specific way, algorithms are step-by-step procedures for problem-solving, and prototypes are idealized representations of a concept.

Question 15

Informal reasoning involves:
A) using algorithms.
B) finding a single correct answer.
C) nonconscious responding.
D) dialectical reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Informal reasoning involves evaluating arguments through a process of critical thinking, where evidence and reasoning are used to support or refute claims. Dialectical reasoning involves this process of evaluating and analyzing arguments in a systematic and logical manner. Algorithms, finding single correct answers, and nonconscious responding are not typically involved in informal reasoning.

Question 16

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:
A) engage in dialectical thinking.
B) make use of her family's tacit knowledge.
C) use an algorithm.
D) rely upon a heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows...

Question 17

Which of the following statements is consistent with Benjamin Whorf's proposal about language?
A) Language does not influence our cognition and perception.
B) Grammatical aspects affect the way we think about the world.
C) Vocabulary and grammar do not affect the way we perceive things.
D) Language does not influence our perception of the world.

Accepted Answer

Benjamin Whorf proposed the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis which suggests that language shapes the way we think about the world. This includes the grammatical aspects of a language affecting our cognitive processes and perception. Therefore, statement B is consistent with his proposal while the other options are not.

Question 18

On a trip to Australia, Caleb sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his ______________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.
A) mental set
B) concept
C) algorithm
D) proposition

Accepted Answer

Caleb uses his concept of bird, which is a mental representation of birds that includes their common characteristics and features, to quickly identify the ibis as a bird.

Question 19

Frida is a young child in the process of developing concepts. Which of the following concepts is she most likely to learn first?
A) vehicle
B) Honda
C) Ford
D) car

Accepted Answer

"Car" is a basic concept that can be generalized and applied to different types and brands of cars, making it a more likely concept for a young child like Frida to learn first. "Vehicle," "Honda," and "Ford" are more specific concepts that require additional knowledge and experience to understand.

Question 20

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.
A) mental set
B) prototype
C) basic concept
D) algorithm

Accepted Answer

A prototype is a typical example or representation of a category. Most people's prototype for the concept of mammal is likely a four-legged furry animal, which a cat closely matches. On the other hand, a platypus doesn't fit the typical mammal prototype as it lays eggs, has a duck-like bill, and lives primarily in water, making it harder for people to identify as a mammal.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

Without _________, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

Which of the following statements defines basic concepts?

An especially representative example of a concept is called a(n) :

Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

People who are ________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.

________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments.

________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.

Based on the powers of thought and intelligence, human beings are called homo sapiens, which translates as:

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept "fruit" for someone who grew up in the American Midwest?

________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:

A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties is called a(n) :

Informal reasoning involves:

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:

Which of the following statements is consistent with Benjamin Whorf's proposal about language?

On a trip to Australia, Caleb sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his ______________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.

Frida is a young child in the process of developing concepts. Which of the following concepts is she most likely to learn first?

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.