Question 1

________ learning is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.
A) Convergent
B) Implicit
C) Explicit
D) Divergent

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning is characterized as the unconscious acquisition of information. It occurs without the learner's consciousness of what has been learned or how learning has been accomplished. Convergent and divergent learning refer to different types of thinking processes, while explicit learning involves conscious awareness of the learning process and being able to articulate what has been learned.

Question 2

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:
A) implicit learning.
B) prototypical learning.
C) mindless learning.
D) algorithmic learning.

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning involves acquiring knowledge or skills without conscious awareness of what has been learned. Fenton's ability to win the card game without being able to explicitly identify what he is doing suggests implicit learning has occurred.

Question 3

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song, "Just Whistle While You Work!" This would be an example of a(n):
A) proposition.
B) prototype.
C) auditory image.
D) cognitive schema.

Accepted Answer

An auditory image is a type of mental representation that involves hearing sounds in one's mind. In this scenario, Alicia is experiencing an auditory image of the song "Just Whistle While You Work." The other options (proposition, prototype, cognitive schema) do not fit as well with the given scenario.

Question 4

Diana and Erin are not able to figure out how they can fit two cupboards, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room. Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha, I've got it!" and begins moving the items around. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:
A) simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a decision based on the prototype.
B) clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious awareness of the solution.
C) subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform them without thinking.
D) the ability to multitask in an efficient manner.

Accepted Answer

Erin's sudden revelation suggests that she engaged in nonconscious processing which was triggered by various clues related to the room arrangement. This process continued until she became consciously aware of the solution. It is likely that Erin's brain was working on the problem in the background, and that she suddenly became consciously aware of the solution when it was fully formed.

Question 5

Mayim is making her famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, she knows that a handful is "usually about right." This illustrates the use of a(n):
A) heuristic.
B) prototype.
C) algorithm.
D) mental image.

Accepted Answer

A heuristic is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to solve a problem. In this scenario, Mayim is using the heuristic of estimating the amount of chopped peppers needed by using a handful, without measuring it precisely.

Question 6

________ refers to mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the present context.
A) Implicit learning
B) Multitasking
C) Automatic processing
D) Mindlessness

Accepted Answer

The description provided is most closely related to the concept of "mindlessness," which is characterized by a lack of attention to one's environment and an over-reliance on established routines and habits. Implicit learning, multitasking, and automatic processing are not necessarily associated with mental inflexibility or obliviousness to context.

Question 7

A ________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.
A) proposition
B) cognitive heuristic
C) cognitive schema
D) prototype

Accepted Answer

A cognitive schema is a mental framework consisting of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about a particular topic. It helps people organize and interpret information about the world. A proposition refers to a statement about a particular topic or aspect of the world. A cognitive heuristic is a mental shortcut used to make judgments or decisions quickly. A prototype refers to the most typical or ideal example of a particular category or concept.

Question 8

The process of drawing conclusions or inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions is called:
A) reasoning.
B) framing.
C) reflective judgment.
D) prereflective thinking.

Accepted Answer

Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions or inferences from given facts, observations, or assumptions. Framing refers to how information is presented or perceived. Reflective judgment and prereflective thinking are stages of intellectual development.

Question 9

A mental image is:
A) a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents.
B) a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties.
C) a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.
D) an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

Accepted Answer

A mental image is a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents. This can include visual or sensory representations in the mind. Option B refers to a mental category or grouping, option C refers to a semantic unit, and option D refers to a schema or mental framework.

Question 10

Our ability to multitask is due, in large part, to our ability to perform ________________ cognitive tasks.
A) conscious
B) deliberate
C) subconscious
D) nonconscious

Accepted Answer

Subconscious cognitive tasks are those that can be performed automatically and do not require conscious effort or attention. These tasks can be executed simultaneously with other conscious or deliberate tasks, allowing us to multitask effectively. Examples of subconscious tasks include walking, breathing, and driving a car on a familiar route.

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?
A) The information needed to solve the problem may be unclear or missing.
B) There is typically one correct answer.
C) You often need to decide which of the many possible solutions is the most "reasonable."
D) It is a type of nonconscious responding.

Accepted Answer

Formal reasoning is a deductive process in which conclusions necessarily follow from the premises provided, resulting in only one correct answer. The information is usually clear and complete, unlike informal reasoning where the information provided may be incomplete or unclear. Deciding which solution is the most reasonable is a characteristic of informal reasoning. Nonconscious responding is a type of automatic processing, which is not related to formal reasoning.

Question 12

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:
A) prototype.
B) mental image.
C) cognitive schema.
D) proposition.

Accepted Answer

A proposition is a unit of meaning that conveys a single idea or relationship between concepts. It consists of a subject, predicate, and a linking verb. For example, "The cat is on the mat" is a proposition consisting of the subject "cat", the predicate "is on", and the object "mat".

Question 13

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a:
A) concept.
B) mental image.
C) cognitive schema.
D) proposition.

Accepted Answer

A mental image is a visual or sensory representation in the mind that resembles what it represents. It can be created through imagination, memory, or perception. While concepts, cognitive schemas, and propositions also involve mental representations, they do not necessarily rely on sensory modalities or resemble what they represent as closely as mental images do.

Question 14

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.
A) unconscious
B) subconscious
C) nonconscious
D) preconscious

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious...

Question 15

Harriet purchases a cupboard for her kitchen. She assembles the cupboard by following a series of steps illustrated in the instruction manual. Which type of problem-solving strategy has Harriet adopted?
A) algorithmic
B) heuristic
C) multitasking
D) intuitive

Accepted Answer

Harriet is following a specific set of instructions in order to solve the problem of assembling the cupboard. This is characteristic of an algorithmic problem-solving strategy, where a step-by-step procedure is used to reach a specific solution.

Question 16

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain. These are all part of his ________ for the holiday.
A) cognitive schema
B) heuristic
C) hindsight bias
D) algorithm

Accepted Answer

A cognitive schema is an organized pattern of thought and behavior that helps people understand and interpret information about the world around them. In this case, Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving, including his associations, attitudes, and expectations, all contribute to his cognitive schema for the holiday. He likely uses this schema to navigate the holiday and make decisions about how to celebrate it.

Question 17

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, step on the accelerator, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car:
A) nonconscious processes are involved.
B) convergent thinking is involved.
C) subconscious processes are involved.
D) divergent thinking is involved.

Accepted Answer

Since Mitch's reactions have become automatic, it means that he is not consciously thinking about every action he takes while driving. This indicates that subconscious processes are involved in his driving.

Question 18

Jerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:
A) most of the time it is making critical decisions about the events of the day.
B) it is almost always "on the road" looking for relevant information to be used to decipher unexpected situations.
C) most of the time it is quietly playing cards in the back room and it is called into action only when the alarm sounds.
D) it is almost always alert and attentive, ready to respond to any type of emergency.

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan uses this analogy to illustrate that consciousness, like a fire department staff not actively fighting a fire, is often in a passive or restful state, springing into action only when a significant or novel situation arises that requires attention or decision-making.

Question 19

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:
A) engage in dialectical thinking.
B) make use of her family's tacit knowledge.
C) use an algorithm.
D) rely upon a heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows...

Question 20

Which statement is true about the mindless processing of information?
A) We would be better off if we eliminated mindlessness completely from our lives.
B) It is usually the best way to perform a task because it allows us to operate on "automatic pilot."
C) It has little effect on behaviour because the processing goes on outside of awareness.
D) It has benefits, but also can lead to mishaps and serious errors.

Accepted Answer

Mindless processing can lead to efficient performance of tasks that are routine and familiar, but it can also lead to errors and mishaps when important information is overlooked or misunderstood. Therefore, option D is the correct statement. Option A is incorrect because complete elimination of mindlessness is not practical or desirable. Option B is incorrect because although mindlessness can be efficient, it is not always the best way to perform a task. Option C is incorrect because mindless processing can have a significant impact on behavior even if it operates outside of conscious awareness.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence

________ learning is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song, "Just Whistle While You Work!" This would be an example of a(n) :

Diana and Erin are not able to figure out how they can fit two cupboards, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room. Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha, I've got it!" and begins moving the items around. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:

Mayim is making her famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, she knows that a handful is "usually about right." This illustrates the use of a(n) :

________ refers to mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the present context.

A ________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

The process of drawing conclusions or inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions is called:

A mental image is:

Our ability to multitask is due, in large part, to our ability to perform ________________ cognitive tasks.

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a:

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

Harriet purchases a cupboard for her kitchen. She assembles the cupboard by following a series of steps illustrated in the instruction manual. Which type of problem-solving strategy has Harriet adopted?

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain. These are all part of his ________ for the holiday.

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, step on the accelerator, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car:

Jerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:

Which statement is true about the mindless processing of information?