Question 1

Which of the following instruments is NOT usually used to monitor sleep in the laboratory?
A) EEG
B) EMG
C) PET
D) EOG

Accepted Answer

PET (positron emission tomography) is not typically used to monitor sleep in the laboratory. EEG (electroencephalography), EMG (electromyography), and EOG (electrooculography) are commonly used sleep monitoring instruments.

Question 2

If you fly westward from Los Angeles to Tokyo you will cross six time zones. The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment suggests it will take ____ for each time zone crossed, or ____ in total to adjust to the change.
A) two-thirds of a day; four days
B) one day; six days
C) two days; twelve days
D) four hours; approximately one day

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you fly westward from Los Angeles...

Question 3

How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?
A) one day for each time zone crossed
B) two days for each time zone crossed
C) three days
D) one week

Accepted Answer

It typically takes one day for each time zone crossed to readjust a person's biological clock after experiencing jet lag. So if a person travels across four time zones, it would take about four days to fully adjust to the new time zone.

Question 4

If you fly eastward from New York to London you will cross five time zones. The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment suggests it will take ____ for each time zone crossed, or ____ in total to adjust to the change.
A) half a day; two and a half days
B) two days; ten days
C) one day; five days in total
D) five hours; approximately one day

Accepted Answer

The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment is typically one day per time zone crossed, so crossing five time zones would take approximately five days to adjust.

Question 5

Researchers have tried exposure to ____ as a treatment to realign circadian rhythms.
A) melatonin
B) caffeine
C) bright light
D) endorphins

Accepted Answer

Exposure to bright light has been shown to be an effective treatment for realigning circadian rhythms. Melatonin can also be used to regulate sleep-wake cycles but is not necessarily a treatment for realigning circadian rhythms. Caffeine and endorphins do not have a direct effect on circadian rhythms.

Question 6

Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence all of the following EXCEPT
A) cognitive performance on tasks requiring alertness and short-term memory.
B) emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness.
C) sleep.
D) physical functions such as body temperature and urine production.

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence cognitive performance, sleep, and physical functions such as body temperature and urine production. However, there is limited evidence to suggest that they directly influence emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness. While circadian rhythms may indirectly influence emotions by affecting sleep and other bodily functions, they do not have a direct impact on emotional experiences themselves.

Question 7

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?
A) electromyograph
B) circadiometer
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Accepted Answer

An electromyograph measures muscle tension by detecting electrical activity in muscles. The other instruments listed do not measure muscle tension.

Question 8

The electrooculograph measures and records
A) heart rate.
B) eye movement.
C) brain wave activity.
D) galvanic skin response.

Accepted Answer

The electrooculograph measures and records eye movement, specifically the electrical potential generated by the retina when the eyes move. It is used to diagnose various eye disorders and monitor eye movements during sleep.

Question 9

An electromyograph records
A) muscular activity and tension.
B) contractions of the heart.
C) brain wave activity.
D) eye movements.

Accepted Answer

An electromyograph (EMG) is a medical device that records the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. This information can be used to evaluate how well muscles are functioning and to diagnose problems such as nerve damage, muscle disorders, or sleep disorders. Therefore, the correct answer is A) muscular activity and tension.

Question 10

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are
A) 90 minutes in length.
B) 24 hours in length.
C) on a monthly cycle.
D) on a seasonal cycle.

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are 24 hours in length.

Question 11

Rotating shift workers adjust more easily to a change in the time of their shift if their new shift starts ____ and they had been on their previous shift for a relatively ____ period of time.
A) earlier; short
B) earlier; long
C) later; short
D) later; long

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rotating shift workers adjust more easily to...

Question 12

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the ____ of the ____.
A) pineal gland; medulla
B) pineal gland; hypothalamus
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus; medulla
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small region in the hypothalamus of the brain that serves as the body's biological clock, regulating the timing of various physiological processes based on input from light-sensitive receptors in the retina. So, the day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the SCN of the hypothalamus. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 13

Compared to employees who have set work schedules, employees who work rotating shifts get ____ sleep and ____ quality sleep.
A) more; poorer
B) more; higher
C) less; poorer
D) less; higher

Accepted Answer

Employees who work rotating shifts have disrupted circadian rhythms, which results in less overall sleep and poorer quality sleep.

Question 14

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from
A) Philadelphia to San Francisco (east to west).
B) Minneapolis to Houston (north to south).
C) San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east).
D) Houston to Minneapolis (south to north).

Accepted Answer

Jet lag is caused by disruption to our body's internal circadian rhythms, which regulate sleep-wake cycles. Traveling west to east is generally more challenging for our bodies because it involves "losing" time, which can be more difficult for our body clocks to adjust to. In this case, the flight attendant would be traveling from the Pacific time zone to the Eastern time zone, meaning they would lose three hours. Therefore, option C (San Francisco to Philadelphia) is the correct choice.

Question 15

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.
A) more apt; just as
B) less apt; less
C) less apt; more
D) more apt; less

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are more likely to have accidents and make errors, as well as report higher levels of fatigue and stress. These negative factors ultimately result in lower productivity compared to those who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

Question 16

People generally fall asleep as their body temperature ____ and awaken as it ____.
A) becomes stable; starts to fluctuate
B) starts to fluctuate; becomes stable
C) begins to drop; begins to increase
D) begins to increase; begins to drop

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people generally fall asleep as their body temperature begins to drop and awaken as it begins to increase. This is due to the relationship between the circadian rhythm and the body's temperature regulation system.

Question 17

The evidence from numerous studies suggests that the negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if
A) the workers take melatonin at the onset of their work shift.
B) the workers are not exposed to bright light at anytime during their work week.
C) the workers take melatonin at the end of their work shift.
D) the workers have progressively later starting times and have longer periods between shift changes.

Accepted Answer

The evidence suggests that having progressively later starting times and longer periods between shift changes can reduce the negative effects of shift rotation. Melatonin supplementation may also be helpful but is not the only or primary solution. Avoiding exposure to bright light may also be beneficial but is likely difficult to implement in certain workplace environments.

Question 18

The evidence from numerous studies on the effectiveness of melatonin indicates that
A) melatonin consistently reduces the effects of jet lag.
B) melatonin consistently enhances the effects of jet lag by resynchronizing the biological clock in the wrong direction.
C) melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the dose is given at the right time.
D) melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the right dose is taken.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The evidence from numerous studies on the...

Question 19

A device that records eye movements is the
A) electroencephalograph or EEG.
B) electromyograph or EMG.
C) electrooculograph or EOG.
D) electrocardiograph or EKG.

Accepted Answer

The device that records eye movements is the electrooculograph or EOG. EEG records the electrical activity of the brain, EMG records the electrical activity of muscles, and EKG records the electrical activity of the heart.

Question 20

Which hormone plays a key role in adjusting the day-night cycle?
A) melatonin
B) adrenalin
C) androgen
D) thyroxine

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone that is primarily responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm, or day-night cycle, of our bodies. It is produced by the pineal gland in response to low light levels and helps to promote sleep at night.

Quiz 9: Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Which of the following instruments is NOT usually used to monitor sleep in the laboratory?

If you fly westward from Los Angeles to Tokyo you will cross six time zones. The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment suggests it will take for each time zone crossed, or in total to adjust to the change.

How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?

If you fly eastward from New York to London you will cross five time zones. The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment suggests it will take for each time zone crossed, or in total to adjust to the change.

Researchers have tried exposure to ____ as a treatment to realign circadian rhythms.

Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence all of the following EXCEPT

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

The electrooculograph measures and records

An electromyograph records

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are

Rotating shift workers adjust more easily to a change in the time of their shift if their new shift starts and they had been on their previous shift for a relatively period of time.

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the of the .

Compared to employees who have set work schedules, employees who work rotating shifts get sleep and quality sleep.

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are to have accidents and be productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

People generally fall asleep as their body temperature and awaken as it .

The evidence from numerous studies suggests that the negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if

The evidence from numerous studies on the effectiveness of melatonin indicates that

A device that records eye movements is the

Which hormone plays a key role in adjusting the day-night cycle?