Question 1

The idea that ambiguous materials can serve as a blank screen onto which people impose their characteristic concerns, conflicts and desires is termed the

Accepted Answer

The projective hypothesis suggests that ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or vague images, can serve as a blank screen onto which people project their unconscious thoughts, emotions, and conflicts. This idea is commonly used in projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test. The other answer choices are not directly related to this hypothesis.

Question 2

Which of the following statements regarding hindsight bias is LEAST accurate?

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias is not generally restricted to thinking about issues related to personality. It can occur in many different settings, including scientific research, historical analysis, and everyday decision-making. Therefore, statement C is the least accurate.

Question 3

Janice was shown a series of cards with vague, ambiguous scenes and asked to describe what she thought was happening in each scene. Janice was given a(n) ____ test called the ____.

Accepted Answer

Janice was shown vague, ambiguous scenes and asked to project her own interpretations onto them. This is characteristic of projective tests, and specifically the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), which asks respondents to describe what they think is happening in various pictures of ambiguous scenes. The other options are not appropriate because they either do not involve projective tests (option A is an objective test) or do not match the specific test that was administered (option B involves inkblots, not pictures of ambiguous scenes).

Question 4

Personality traits are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Personality traits are consistent across time and situations, and they are also distinct from other traits. This means that people possess their own unique combination of personality traits that makes them who they are. Charm and wit are personality traits as well, but they are not the defining characteristics of personality. Personality traits are not expected to change as a function of the situation, and there are individual differences in trait expression.

Question 5

Which of the following personality theorists did not emphasize the influence of childhood experiences on adult personality?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow's theory of self-actualization emphasizes personal growth and self-fulfillment rather than childhood experiences. Freud, Adler, and Rogers all believed that childhood experiences were influential in shaping adult personality.

Question 6

It is relatively easy for a person to develop plausible explanations for the personality traits of people they know as a result of the

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias refers to the tendency for people to look back on events and believe that they could have predicted the outcomes or that they already knew what was going to happen. This bias can lead people to develop plausible explanations for the personality traits of others based on their past behaviors, even if those explanations are not entirely accurate.

Question 7

The hierarchy of traits is to Maslow's theory of personality as ____ to Freud's theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The hierarchy of traits is to Maslow's...

Question 8

Which of the following is one of the main criticisms of projective tests?

Accepted Answer

One of the main criticisms of projective tests is the lack of evidence for their reliability. Projective measures are subjective and open to interpretation by both the test taker and the administrator, making it difficult to determine if they consistently measure what they are intended to measure.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of Internet self-report inventories?

Accepted Answer

Internet self-report inventories allow the collection of data that would not be available from traditional tests, such as collecting data from a larger and more diverse population without geographic limitations. Option A is incorrect as Internet self-report inventories can actually decrease labor costs. Option C is also incorrect as they can be just as useful for rural populations as for urban populations. Option D is incorrect as they can be completed quickly.

Question 10

Someone attributes his thoughts or feelings or conflicts to someone else. For example, although he chronically interrupts people, he thinks that other people interrupt him. What Freudian defense mechanism is illustrated?

Accepted Answer

The defense mechanism illustrated in the scenario is projection, as the individual is attributing his own behavior (chronic interrupting) to others and assuming that they interrupt him.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with projective tests?

Accepted Answer

Deliberate deception is not a weakness of projective tests because individuals cannot purposely choose the content of their responses. It is one of the strengths of projective tests. The other three options (B, C, and D) are common weaknesses associated with projective tests.

Question 12

Although Osmo at an unconscious level has great hatred for Cosmo, he believes that he likes Cosmo and, to the outside world, gives all the appearance of liking him. Which defense mechanism is Osmo using?

Accepted Answer

Osmo is using the defense mechanism of reaction formation, which involves expressing the opposite of one's true feelings as a way to cope with unacceptable thoughts or emotions. He unconsciously hates Cosmo, but consciously presents himself as liking him.

Question 13

Which of the following personality theorists, perspective pairings is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

Adler is not typically associated with the humanistic perspective, but rather with individual psychology.

Question 14

The tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called

Accepted Answer

The tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called the hindsight bias. This is the phenomenon where people tend to believe, after an event has occurred, that they predicted or expected the outcome, even if they did not.

Question 15

Which of the following is entirely unconscious, according to Freud?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the id, which contains our most primitive and instinctual drives, is entirely unconscious. The ego and superego, on the other hand, operate on both conscious and unconscious levels, and archetypes are a concept from Jungian psychology rather than Freudian.

Question 16

Online personality assessment?

Accepted Answer

Online personality assessment does have some disadvantages such as the potential for cheating or the lack of nonverbal cues, but these can be managed through various measures like using integrity tests or incorporating video components. Overall, online personality assessment still offers convenience and cost-effectiveness compared to face-to-face testing, so its disadvantages are not insurmountable.

Question 17

A commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and describe what they look like is the

Accepted Answer

The Rorschach Test is a projective test in which the subject is shown inkblots and asked to describe what they see in them. The test is intended to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings that may be difficult to express through traditional means of communication. The other options listed are not relevant to this type of assessment.

Question 18

Personality tests that ask individuals to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subject's needs, feelings, and personality traits are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Projective tests ask individuals to interpret ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures, in a way that reveals their personality traits or needs. Therefore, D is the correct answer. A is incorrect because behavioral tests primarily measure observable behaviors, while objective tests rely on direct questions that are not open to interpretation. Self-report inventories ask individuals to provide information about themselves through standardized questions without the use of ambiguous stimuli.

Question 19

The hindsight bias is also known as the ____ effect.

Accepted Answer

The hindsight bias, also known as the "I knew it all along" effect, refers to the tendency for people to falsely believe, once they know the outcome of an event, that they would have predicted or known that outcome beforehand.

Question 20

The Oedipal complex occurs during the:

Accepted Answer

The Oedipal complex is a psychosexual stage proposed by Sigmund Freud, occurring during the phallic stage (ages 3-5), where a child feels a subconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex, while having resentment towards the same-sex parent.

Quiz 24: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 2