Question 1

_______________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland that helps to regulate sleep/wake cycles and keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle. Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and is involved in stress response. Progesterone is a hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in mood regulation and other physiological processes.

Question 2

Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

The statement that hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will is true. While a skilled hypnotist may increase the likelihood of hypnotic induction, ultimately it is up to the individual being hypnotized to allow themselves to be hypnotized. Additionally, hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory and a person cannot do things while hypnotized that they could not do otherwise.

Question 3

Delta waves occur during:

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are a type of brainwave that occur during deep, slow-wave sleep, also known as NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep. They are characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, which are the deepest stages of sleep. Delta waves are associated with a reduced level of consciousness, decreased heart rate, and decreased respiration rate. They are thought to be important for the restorative functions of sleep, such as physical recovery and immune system function.

Question 4

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

Accepted Answer

During a normal sleep cycle, an individual alternates between REM and non-REM sleep approximately every 90 minutes. This cycle typically repeats four to six times per night, depending on the length of sleep.

Question 5

An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:

Accepted Answer

Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm, with the highest temperature occurring in the late afternoon/early evening and the lowest temperature occurring in the early morning. This is due to the regulation of the body's internal clock, which is located in the hypothalamus and helps to govern various bodily functions including sleep and metabolism. The other options listed do not specifically follow a circadian rhythm.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth. While hypnosis can be used to enhance memory, there is no scientific evidence to support the idea that it can produce accurate recall of long-forgotten events. Additionally, ethical hypnosis practitioners do not use hypnosis to make people do things against their will, as it goes against the principles of informed consent and respect for autonomy. Age regression is also a controversial technique within the hypnosis community, as there is no scientific evidence to support the idea that people can reliably regress to earlier stages of development through hypnosis.

Question 7

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering...

Question 8

_______________ is the increased resistance to a drug's effects accompanying continued use.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance refers to the body's adaptation to a drug after repeated use, resulting in a reduced sensitivity to its effects. This can lead to a need for higher doses to achieve the same level of effect, which can increase the risk of overdose and other negative consequences. Withdrawal refers to the symptoms that occur when use of a drug is stopped, while intoxication refers to the acute effects of a drug on the body and mind. Reuptake refers specifically to the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the neurons that released them.

Question 9

In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person experiences sudden and unpredictable attacks of sleepiness during the day. These attacks can happen at any time, even during activities such as working or driving, and are often accompanied by vivid hallucinations and a loss of muscle control (cataplexy).

Question 10

When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

Accepted Answer

Biological rhythm refers to the periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism. It includes various rhythms such as circadian, ultradian, infradian, and tidal rhythms.

Question 11

The _______________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime thinking.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming is a result of our daytime cognitive processes, including problem solving, decision making, and memory consolidation. It suggests that dreams are a way for the brain to process and organize information from the previous day.

Question 12

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body's biological clock, is located in the hypothalamus.

Question 13

_______________ drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death when taken in large doses.

Accepted Answer

Stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can cause convulsions, heart failure, and even death when taken in large doses. Depressant drugs, such as alcohol and benzodiazepines, can also be dangerous in large doses, but their effects are not usually characterized by convulsions. Opiates can cause fatal overdoses, but this is usually due to respiratory depression rather than convulsions or heart failure. Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin, are generally not considered to be physically dangerous in terms of causing convulsions, heart failure, or death.

Question 14

The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming proposed by Sigmund Freud suggests that dreams are a reflection of unconscious desires and conflicts. However, there is little scientific evidence to support this theory.

Question 15

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

Accepted Answer

SAD stands for seasonal affective disorder, which is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months when there is less sunlight. SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) is a part of the brain that is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, PMS (premenstrual syndrome) refers to physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience before their menstrual period, and REM (rapid eye movement) is a stage of sleep characterized by quick eye movements and vivid dreams.

Question 16

_______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep. This can lead to daytime fatigue, headaches, and other symptoms. Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person experiences excessive daytime sleepiness and may suddenly fall asleep at inappropriate times. Insomnia is a disorder in which a person has difficulty falling or staying asleep. Internal desynchrony is a disruption of the body's internal clock, such as when a person experiences jet lag or works a night shift.

Question 17

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The deeper stages of NREM sleep, specifically stages three and four, are characterized by slow brain waves called delta waves.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of opiates?

Accepted Answer

Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, are known to cause an intense emotional rush or euphoria. They are commonly abused for this reason, leading to a high risk of addiction and overdose. Options A, C, and D are incorrect. Opiates are not derived from the hemp plant, deaths from opiate abuse are unfortunately common, and cirrhosis of the liver is generally associated with alcohol abuse, not opiates.

Question 19

Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on:

Accepted Answer

Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects by acting on neurotransmitters. Hormones and the hypothalamus may play a role in some cases, but they are not the primary target for these drugs. The autonomic nervous system is involved in the regulation of bodily functions, but it is not the primary focus of psychoactive drugs.

Question 20

"Mental set" refers to:

Accepted Answer

"Mental set" refers to a person's expectations, beliefs, and attitudes about a particular situation or object, such as a drug. It can influence how a person perceives and interprets the effects of the drug. Therefore, it is the person's expectations about the drug's effects (Option C) that best define "mental set." Options A, B, and D are not accurate because mental set is not related to the context, personality traits, or genetic characteristics of a person taking a drug.

Quiz 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States