Question 1

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.
A) observational
B) conditional
C) operant
D) conformist

Accepted Answer

The behavior of John attempting to use good penmanship after seeing others being praised is an example of observational learning. This type of learning occurs when an individual observes the actions of others and then copies or imitates their behavior. In this case, John observed that good penmanship was being praised, so he imitated this behavior in the hope of receiving similar praise.

Question 2

In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by:
A) observing where humans place poison rat traps.
B) feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result.
C) smelling the breath of other rats.
D) associating certain tastes with illness.

Accepted Answer

Rats can identify food that is safe to eat by smelling the breath of other rats. This is a form of observational learning where they use the experiences of others to guide their own behavior, particularly in identifying safe foods based on the breath of rats that have already eaten.

Question 3

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behavior through ________________.
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) stimulus generalization

Accepted Answer

Julie acquired the behavior of putting on lipstick by observing her teenage sister. This is an example of observational learning, also known as modeling or social learning, where an individual acquires a behavior by watching others perform it. It is not an example of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or stimulus generalization.

Question 4

Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________.
A) insight
B) innate learning
C) vicarious learning
D) latent learning

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs but is not immediately expressed in a behavior. It may only become evident in the future when certain circumstances arise. Insight refers to a sudden realization or understanding of a problem or situation. Innate learning occurs without external stimuli, typically due to genetic factors. Vicarious learning occurs when an individual learns from the experiences of others, without direct experience themselves.

Question 5

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) insight learning
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe other people's behavior and its consequences, and then we adjust our own behavior accordingly. It is also known as social learning or modeling. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments for our own behavior. Classical conditioning involves learning through associations between stimuli and responses. Insight learning involves sudden realization or understanding of a problem or situation.

Question 6

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.
A) reinforcement
B) associations
C) cognitive processes
D) punishment

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations being formed, suggesting the importance of cognitive processes in learning.

Question 7

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?
A) Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviors to others through imitation.
B) Humans are the only species known to transmit information through demonstration and imitation.
C) Several animals can imitate behaviors demonstrated by humans, but they cannot learn new behaviors from members of their own species.
D) Only primates are capable of imitation; hence the phrase "monkey see, monkey do."

Accepted Answer

The textbook states that researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviors to others through imitation, indicating that animals can indeed teach other members of their own species. Option B is incorrect as the textbook clearly states that other animals can also transmit information through demonstration and imitation. Option C is false as animals can learn new behaviors from members of their own species as well. Option D is incorrect as not only primates, but several other animal species are capable of imitation.

Question 8

In general, research on the use of corporal punishments, such as spanking, suggests that:
A) despite the common belief, corporal punishment is the preferred method of behavior modification.
B) corporal punishment is ineffective in stopping behaviors.
C) severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects.
D) corporal punishment works best when it is administered randomly.

Accepted Answer

Research overwhelmingly suggests that corporal punishment is ineffective in stopping behaviors and can have negative side effects, including increased aggression and mental health problems. Severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided to prevent harm to the child.

Question 9

Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test?
A) oversleeping and waking up 10 minutes before the test
B) having to cram the night before
C) having the material in the lecture presented in a different order than in the textbook
D) receiving an outline from the professor

Accepted Answer

Having the material presented in a different order than in the textbook can create a desirable difficulty because it requires the learner to engage with the material in a deeper way, making connections and creating a more meaningful understanding. Oversleeping and cramming are not desirable difficulties, as they can lead to stress and poor performance. Receiving an outline from the professor may be helpful, but it is not necessarily a desirable difficulty as it does not necessarily challenge the learner in a meaningful way.

Question 10

Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.
A) latent learning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical and operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Sarah's ability to drive to school without any prior practice suggests that she has acquired latent learning, meaning that information has been acquired but not immediately demonstrated.

Question 11

The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.
A) Watson
B) Skinner
C) Tolman
D) Thorndike

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman, who conducted an experiment using rats to show that they were capable of learning even when there was no obvious reward or reinforcement. This challenged the behaviorist doctrine at the time, which claimed that learning only occurred through reinforcement.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?
A) Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behavior.
B) There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health.
C) Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviors.
D) Corporal punishment is best if administered several hours after the target behavior has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Spanking can be effective in immediately stopping a behavior because it serves as a strong deterrent, though it may not be the most appropriate or effective long-term strategy for behavior management.

Question 13

Research indicates that test performance is better if students use study materials that ____________________ and ______________________
A) are well organized; distribute their studying time over several sessions.
B) need to be rearranged; distribute their studying time over several sessions.
C) are well organized; cram their studying into one long session.
D) need to be rearranged; cram their studying into one long session.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research indicates that test performance is better...

Question 14

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo" doll study?
A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
B) Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in children.
C) Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in children.
D) Exposure to nonaggressive models led to increased levels of aggression in children.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's "Bobo" doll study found that exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children. This supports his theory of social learning, which suggests that behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement.

Question 15

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?
A) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is blowing in, so he cancels his trip.
B) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve.
C) Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around.
D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

Accepted Answer

Option D is the best example of observational learning because Ingrid learned how to swim efficiently by observing and imitating the strokes of the man in the next lane. This is a classic example of observational learning, where an individual learns by observing the behavior of others and their consequences. Option A is an example of decision-making based on information received through the media. Option B is an example of insight learning where a solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind. Option C is an example of operant conditioning where Carey learns to modify her behavior based on the consequences of her actions.

Question 16

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?
A) Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement.
B) Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
C) Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time.
D) Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following behavior.

Accepted Answer

Tolman and Honzik's classic study found that rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement. They observed that rats in a maze learned the layout of the maze even when they were not rewarded for finding the food at the end of the maze. This suggested that the rats had a "cognitive map" of the maze and were able to use this map to find the food faster when a reward was later introduced.

Question 17

B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior, even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were:
A) demonstrating spontaneous recovery.
B) developing phobias.
C) demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect.
D) behaving superstitiously.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner's experiment showed that the pigeons were behaving superstitiously, as they associated random actions with the delivery of food, despite there being no actual relationship between the two. This behavior is similar to how some humans develop superstitions, such as wearing lucky socks during a sports game, even though it has no actual effect on the outcome.

Question 18

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of:
A) insight.
B) the formation of a cognitive map.
C) unconscious trial-and-error imagery.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's theory of cognitive maps suggests that we create mental representations of physical environments, which allow us to efficiently navigate through them. In this scenario, the protagonist has likely formed a cognitive map of the park, and was able to use it to find the shortest route to their cousin's location.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?
A) memory
B) attention
C) motivation
D) stress

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura identified memory, attention, and motivation as processes that support observational learning. Stress is not one of the processes he identified.

Question 20

Researchers use the term desirable difficulty to refer to:
A) situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging, but help long-term learning.
B) events that allow students to "blow off steam" and improve short-term performance.
C) obstacles that distract from studying and decrease long-term learning.
D) situations that students say improve the effectiveness of their studying, but which really impairs it.

Accepted Answer

Desirable difficulty refers to situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging, but help long-term learning. This can include tasks or activities that require effortful processing, retrieval practice, and spaced repetition. The idea is that by having to work harder to learn something, the information is more likely to be stored in long-term memory and easier to retrieve later on.

Quiz 6: Learning

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.

In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by:

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behavior through ________________.

Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?

In general, research on the use of corporal punishments, such as spanking, suggests that:

Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test?

Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.

The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

Research indicates that test performance is better if students use study materials that and __

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo" doll study?

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?

B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior, even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were:

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?

Researchers use the term desirable difficulty to refer to: