Question 1

A researcher is interested in whether or not attendance at a community meeting in the last 6 months (yes or no) is related to voting in the last election (yes or no). What is the appropriate statistical test to address this question?
A) t-test
B) ANOVA
C) correlation
D) chi square

Accepted Answer

The appropriate test for this question would be a chi-square test of independence. This is because the researcher is interested in determining whether there is a relationship between two categorical variables (attendance at a community meeting and voting in the last election). The chi-square test of independence allows for the comparison of observed frequencies to expected frequencies to determine if there is a statistically significant relationship between the two variables.

Question 2

Having a small sample size in a chi square test could affect the test's__________________.
A) distribution
B) t-statistic
C) F-statistic
D) validity

Accepted Answer

A small sample size can result in a chi square test having insufficient power to detect a significant difference or association even if one exists, leading to incorrect conclusions about the validity of the test.

Question 3

If you perform a chi square analysis and you obtain a p-value of .032, the relationship between the variables of interest is _________________.
A) strong
B) weak
C) statistically significant
D) not statistically significant

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

The minimum expected frequency score per cell is what?
A) 15
B) 10
C) 5
D) There is no minimum

Accepted Answer

The minimum expected frequency score per cell is 5. If any expected frequency scores per cell fall below 5, then the validity of the results may be called into question. Therefore, it is recommended to adjust the sample size or restructure the variables in order to address this issue.

Question 5

What is the typically accepted p-value for the chi square test to be a significant result?
A) .50
B) .10
C) .05
D) .04

Accepted Answer

The typically accepted p-value for the chi square test to be a significant result is .05. This means that if the p-value obtained from the chi square test is less than .05, then the results are considered statistically significant.

Question 6

What is the symbol for chi square? A) β² B) α² C) ς² D) χ²

Accepted Answer

The symbol for chi square is χ².

Question 7

A _____________________ does not start with the assumption of a normally distributed population and does not use continuous level of measurement.
A) statistic
B) parametric test
C) nonparametric test
D) t-test

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are used when the assumptions of normality and continuous measurement are not met. They do not require knowledge of population parameters, unlike parametric tests such as t-tests. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 8

All _______________ tests share the assumption of normally distributed population data.
A) statistic
B) parametric
C) nonparametric
D) frequency

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests assume that the data follows a normal distribution. Nonparametric tests do not require this assumption. Therefore, the best choice is B) parametric tests.

Question 9

The _____________________ is calculated as the row total multiplied by the column total, all divided by the overall total.
A) chi square
B) observed frequency
C) expected frequency
D) significance level
True/False

Accepted Answer

The formula described is used to calculate expected frequencies in a contingency table.

Question 10

ANOVA belongs to the _________________ family of tests, while chi-square belongs to the _______________ family.
A) statistical; parametric
B) statistical; nonparametric
C) parametric; nonparametric
D) nonparametric; parametric

Accepted Answer

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a parametric test used to compare means across multiple groups, assuming a normal distribution of the data. The chi-square test, on the other hand, is a nonparametric test used for categorical data to assess how likely it is that an observed distribution is due to chance.

Question 11

Chi square is used to examine the ________________ between _________________ variables.
A) difference; continuous
B) difference; categorical
C) relationship; continuous
D) relationship; categorical

Accepted Answer

Chi square is a statistical test used for examining the relationship between categorical variables. It is not used to examine differences between variables, and while it can be used with continuous variables, it is not the best choice for this type of data. Therefore, choice D (relationship between categorical variables) is the correct answer.

Question 12

Emily presents a hypothesis which states "There is no relationship between people's views whether or not diversity training should be required and their training attendance." This is her ___________________ hypothesis.
A) alternative
B) research
C) working
D) null

Accepted Answer

Emily's hypothesis is a null hypothesis as it states that there is no relationship between two variables being studied. The null hypothesis is used to test the significance of the alternative hypothesis, which is the researcher's hypothesis that there is a relationship between the two variables.

Question 13

When using chi square it is important to pay attention to the _______________________.
A) distribution
B) t-statistic
C) F-statistic
D) sample size

Accepted Answer

When using chi square, it is important to pay attention to the sample size since it affects the accuracy of the results. As sample size increases, the statistical power of the test increases, meaning it becomes more likely to detect a significant difference or association between variables. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the sample size is appropriate for the research question and hypothesis being tested. The other options (distribution, t-statistic, and F-statistic) are not directly related to the use of chi square.

Question 14

In a contingency table the rows represent the ___________________.
A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) cases
D) groupings of one variable

Accepted Answer

In a contingency table, the rows represent the groupings of one variable while the columns represent the groupings of another variable. The independent and dependent variables are not represented by the rows or columns themselves, but rather by the relationship between them. Cases are represented in the individual cells of the contingency table.

Question 15

The ___________________ is the actual frequency of occurrences for each category cell.
A) chi square
B) observed frequency
C) expected frequency
D) significance level

Accepted Answer

The observed frequency is the actual frequency of occurrences for each category cell in a contingency table. The chi square is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables. The expected frequency is the frequency that would be expected in each cell if there was no association between the two variables. The significance level is the level of probability at which the null hypothesis is rejected, typically set at 0.05 or 0.01.

Question 16

The correlation analysis and the chi square analysis are similar because they both _______________.
A) do not assume a normally distributed population
B) examine the difference between groups
C) rely on frequencies to determine significance
D) examine relationships between groups

Accepted Answer

Both correlation analysis and chi square analysis examine the relationships between groups or variables. They do not necessarily assume a normally distributed population and do not focus on examining differences between groups. While chi square analysis relies on frequencies to determine significance, correlation analysis focuses on the strength and direction of the relationship between variables. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 17

The chi square analysis is based on the observed and expected _________________ of the observation.
A) distribution
B) frequency
C) direction
D) strength

Accepted Answer

Chi square analysis compares the observed frequency of an event with the expected frequency of occurrence. Therefore, the best choice is frequency (B). The other options, such as distribution (A), direction (C), and strength (D), are not directly related to the concept of chi square analysis.

Question 18

The __________________ is what occurrences would be anticipated if the distribution among the cells is left to chance
A) chi square
B) observed frequency
C) expected frequency
D) significance level

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is the expected frequency. This is the frequency or distribution of occurrences that would be expected if the distribution among the cells is left to chance, based on the total number of observations or sample size. The chi square test is used to determine the relationship between the observed and expected frequencies, while the significance level is the probability level at which the results of the chi square test would be considered statistically significant. The observed frequency, on the other hand, is the actual frequency of occurrences that was observed in the sample or population being studied. Therefore, the correct answer is C, expected frequency.

Question 19

If you are examining the relationship between two continuous variables, what would be the appropriate test?
A) Pearson product moment correlation
B) Chi square
C) t-test
D) ANOVA

Accepted Answer

The Pearson product moment correlation is the appropriate test when examining the relationship between two continuous variables. It measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the two variables. The other options are appropriate for other types of data, such as categorical or discrete variables.

Question 20

Chi square is often referred to as ________________________.
A) two-way contingency table analysis
B) 2x2 correlation
C) two-way frequency table analysis
D) one-way frequency table analysis

Accepted Answer

Chi square is often referred to as two-way contingency table analysis because it is used to examine the association between two categorical variables in a contingency table.

Quiz 12: Chi-Square Analysis

A researcher is interested in whether or not attendance at a community meeting in the last 6 months (yes or no) is related to voting in the last election (yes or no) . What is the appropriate statistical test to address this question?

Having a small sample size in a chi square test could affect the test's__________________.

If you perform a chi square analysis and you obtain a p-value of .032, the relationship between the variables of interest is _________________.

The minimum expected frequency score per cell is what?

What is the typically accepted p-value for the chi square test to be a significant result?

What is the symbol for chi square?

A _____________________ does not start with the assumption of a normally distributed population and does not use continuous level of measurement.

All _______________ tests share the assumption of normally distributed population data.

The _____________________ is calculated as the row total multiplied by the column total, all divided by the overall total.

ANOVA belongs to the ___ family of tests, while chi-square belongs to the _ family.

Chi square is used to examine the between _ variables.

Emily presents a hypothesis which states "There is no relationship between people's views whether or not diversity training should be required and their training attendance." This is her ___________________ hypothesis.

When using chi square it is important to pay attention to the _______________________.

In a contingency table the rows represent the ___________________.

The ___________________ is the actual frequency of occurrences for each category cell.

The correlation analysis and the chi square analysis are similar because they both _______________.

The chi square analysis is based on the observed and expected _________________ of the observation.

The __________________ is what occurrences would be anticipated if the distribution among the cells is left to chance

If you are examining the relationship between two continuous variables, what would be the appropriate test?

Chi square is often referred to as ________________________.