Question 1

The difference between each value and the mean is known as the __________________.
A) variance
B) range
C) standard deviation
D) deviance

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

You are analyzing the distribution of income in your city. You notice that there are a few extreme cases where income is very high. These cases may skew your distribution in which direction?
A) positive
B) negative
C) platykurtic
D) mesokurtic

Accepted Answer

Extreme cases with very high income would skew the distribution in a positive direction, as they would be pulling the average/mean income higher. This is known as a positive skew.

Question 3

The highest value of your data set is 155 and the lowest number is 55. The difference between them is 100, which is also known as the ______________.
A) variance
B) range
C) standard deviation
D) deviance

Accepted Answer

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set is known as the range. In this case, the range is 100 (155-55). Variance and standard deviation are measures of how spread out a data set is, while deviance is not a commonly used statistical term.

Question 4

You ask respondents to fill out a survey question that asks, "have you ever been to Washington D.C.?" to which they either respond yes or no. This is an example of a ________________ variable.
A) ordinal
B) dichotomous
C) ratio
D) continuous

Accepted Answer

A dichotomous variable is one that has only two possible responses, such as yes or no. In this case, the survey question only allows for a yes or no response, making it a dichotomous variable.

Question 5

Mean is a measure of ________________, while range is a measure of _______________.
A) central tendency; variability
B) variability; central tendency
C) variability; dispersion
D) outliers; variability

Accepted Answer

Mean is a measure of central tendency, as it provides a single value that represents the typical value in a dataset. Range is a measure of variability, as it shows the spread or dispersion of the data by calculating the difference between the highest and lowest values in the dataset.

Question 6

A ________________ provides a visual spread of the data based on percentile points.
A) frequency table
B) histogram
C) frequency polygon
D) boxplot

Accepted Answer

A boxplot provides a visual spread of the data based on percentile points (specifically the quartiles). A frequency table shows the number of times each value occurs in the data set. A histogram shows the frequency distribution of a continuous variable by dividing it into intervals and plotting the number of observations that fall into each interval. A frequency polygon is similar to a histogram, but instead of bars, a line is used to connect the midpoints of each interval.

Question 7

The _________________ represents the value that occurs most frequently.
A) Mean
B) Average
C) Mode
D) Median

Accepted Answer

The mode represents the value that occurs most frequently, while the mean and median represent measures of central tendency in a data set. Average is another term that can be used to refer to the mean, but it is not the same as the mode. Therefore, the best choice is C) Mode.

Question 8

A variable with a large standard deviation, greater than a normal curve, will typically have a shape described as ___________________.
A) platykurtic
B) mesokurtic
C) leptokurtic
D) negatively skewed

Accepted Answer

Platykurtic distributions are characterized by a lower peak and thicker tails compared to a normal distribution, which can occur when the variable has a larger standard deviation.

Question 9

In Emily's story, she will create a measure of cultural competence by averaging the responses to multiple items in the survey. This new measure is known as a __________________.
A) variable
B) code
C) case
D) interval

Accepted Answer

A variable in research is a characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or quantified. Emily's measure of cultural competence, created by averaging responses to survey items, fits this definition as it quantifies a specific characteristic (cultural competence) based on the survey responses.

Question 10

If you describe a variable as categorical, you are referring to its ______________, which is a description of how values are assigned to the attribute.
A) the codebook
B) level of measurement
C) central tendency
D) variability

Accepted Answer

Level of measurement refers to the way in which values are assigned to a variable. Categorical variables are one of the four levels of measurement, along with nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio. The other answer choices do not directly relate to the level of measurement of a variable.

Question 11

When measuring central tendency by calculating the mean, you should also consider the impact of _______________ which may skew the result.
A) positive skew
B) negative skew
C) outliers
D) median scores

Accepted Answer

Outliers are extreme values that lie far from the other data and can greatly affect the mean. Therefore, when calculating the central tendency by mean, it is important to consider the impact of outliers and potentially remove them from the dataset before calculating the mean.

Question 12

_________________ is the square root of the variance which provides the average deviance of the values from the mean in the same unit as the original data.
A) variance
B) range
C) standard deviation
D) frequency

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation is the square root of variance and provides the average deviation of the values from the mean in the same unit as the original data. Range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset. Frequency is the number of times a particular value occurs in a dataset.

Question 13

If you have a kurtosis value of zero, the shape of the distribution would be described as _________________.
A) platykurtic
B) leptokurtic
C) mesokurtic
D) skewed

Accepted Answer

If the kurtosis value is zero, it means the distribution has the same amount of data in the tails as a normal distribution. This is called a mesokurtic distribution. Option A is incorrect because platykurtic distributions have less data in the tails than a normal distribution (which would result in a negative kurtosis value). Option B is incorrect because leptokurtic distributions have more data in the tails than a normal distribution (which would result in a positive kurtosis value). Option D is also incorrect because skewness is a separate characteristic of a distribution, referring to the asymmetry of the data, which is not directly related to kurtosis.

Question 14

What is the median of the following set of numbers: 3, 5, 5, 8,6, 10?
A) 5
B) 5.5
C) 6
D) 6.3

Accepted Answer

The median is the middle number of a set when the numbers are arranged in order from least to greatest. In this case, when arranged in order, the set becomes: 3, 5, 5, 6, 8, 10. The middle numbers are 6 and 5 (since there are two 5's), so we take the average of these two numbers: (6+5)/2 = 5.5. Therefore, the median is 5.5.

Question 15

_____________________ is the study and set of tools and techniques used to quantitatively describe, organize, analyze, interpret, and present data.
A) Measurement studies
B) Statistics
C)Qualification
D) Quantification

Accepted Answer

Statistics is the study and set of tools and techniques used to quantitatively describe, organize, analyze, interpret, and present data. Measurement studies is a broader term that refers to the process of assigning numerical values to variables, while qualification and quantification are not directly related to the study of data.

Question 16

A frequency distribution in which the mode is greater than the median and mean is skewed in which direction?
A) leptokurtic
B) mesokurtic
C) positive
D) negative

Accepted Answer

When the mode is greater than the median and mean, the distribution is skewed to the left, which is also known as negative skewness.

Question 17

_______________ and _______________ are both considered continuous levels of measurement.
A) nominal; ordinal
B) ordinal; interval
C) interval; ratio
D) nominal; interval

Accepted Answer

Interval and ratio are both considered continuous levels of measurement because they both have equal intervals between values and a true zero point. Nominal and ordinal levels of measurement are not continuous because they do not have quantitative values or equal intervals between values.

Question 18

______________, typically shown as the rows in a program, represent the individual responses to the data collection.
A) variables
B) cases
C) statistics
D) frequency

Accepted Answer

In statistical analysis, each individual or object that has been measured or observed is called a case. Cases are typically represented as rows in a program or spreadsheet and contain the individual responses to the data collection. Variables, on the other hand, are characteristics or attributes of each case that can be measured or categorized. Statistics refer to the mathematical calculations and analyses that are applied to the data, while frequency refers to the number of times a particular value or response occurs in the data set.

Question 19

_______________ is a validation process researchers use to check the data for errors and screen for accuracy.
A) Description
B) Double entry
C) A Codebook
D) Data cleaning

Accepted Answer

Data cleaning is the validation process researchers use to check the data for errors and screen for accuracy. This involves finding and correcting errors, inconsistencies, and discrepancies in the data.

Question 20

With a ________________ level of measurement, the numbers assigned to different attributes are arbitrary.
A) ordinal
B) nominal
C) interval
D) ratio

Accepted Answer

With nominal level of measurement, there is no inherent ordering or hierarchy among the categories or attributes being measured, and therefore the numbers assigned to them are arbitrary.

Quiz 7: Quantitative Data Preparation and Descriptive Statistics

The difference between each value and the mean is known as the __________________.

You are analyzing the distribution of income in your city. You notice that there are a few extreme cases where income is very high. These cases may skew your distribution in which direction?

The highest value of your data set is 155 and the lowest number is 55. The difference between them is 100, which is also known as the ______________.

You ask respondents to fill out a survey question that asks, "have you ever been to Washington D.C.?" to which they either respond yes or no. This is an example of a ________________ variable.

Mean is a measure of __, while range is a measure of _.

A ________________ provides a visual spread of the data based on percentile points.

The _________________ represents the value that occurs most frequently.

A variable with a large standard deviation, greater than a normal curve, will typically have a shape described as ___________________.

In Emily's story, she will create a measure of cultural competence by averaging the responses to multiple items in the survey. This new measure is known as a __________________.

If you describe a variable as categorical, you are referring to its ______________, which is a description of how values are assigned to the attribute.

When measuring central tendency by calculating the mean, you should also consider the impact of _______________ which may skew the result.

_________________ is the square root of the variance which provides the average deviance of the values from the mean in the same unit as the original data.

If you have a kurtosis value of zero, the shape of the distribution would be described as _________________.

What is the median of the following set of numbers: 3, 5, 5, 8,6, 10?

_____________________ is the study and set of tools and techniques used to quantitatively describe, organize, analyze, interpret, and present data.

A frequency distribution in which the mode is greater than the median and mean is skewed in which direction?

_ and _ are both considered continuous levels of measurement.

______________, typically shown as the rows in a program, represent the individual responses to the data collection.

_______________ is a validation process researchers use to check the data for errors and screen for accuracy.

With a ________________ level of measurement, the numbers assigned to different attributes are arbitrary.