Question 1

Having low self-efficacy during which of the following stages of the bystander intervention process could inhibit helping behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Low self-efficacy affects the ability to know how to help, as it involves confidence in one's ability to take effective action.

Question 2

Realistic conflict theory originally assumed that prejudice was primarily caused by an actual threat to one's personal welfare,but research indicates that it is more strongly triggered by ________________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that prejudice is more strongly triggered by a perceived threat to one's in-group rather than an actual threat to one's personal welfare. This is because people tend to identify more strongly with their in-groups and may feel a need to protect their group from perceived threats.

Question 3

In a busy shopping mall,Leslie and others notice that an elderly person has fallen and is clearly in distress.In deciding whether to intervene,Leslie looks around to see how other people are responding.The behaviour in which Leslie is engaging is known as:

Accepted Answer

Leslie is engaging in social comparison by observing the behavior of others around her before deciding whether to intervene. Social comparison is when people determine their own behavior and beliefs based on what others around them are doing. In this case, Leslie is using the behavior of others as a cue for how she should act. Bystander apathy, diffusion of responsibility, and negative state relief are all related to the same phenomenon of people being less likely to intervene in emergency situations when others are present. However, in this scenario, Leslie is specifically engaging in social comparison.

Question 4

A psychologist who is discussing the causes of racism and prejudice argues that these negative beliefs are caused primarily by people's needs to enhance their self-esteem and to feel good about themselves.This psychologist's explanation is most consistent with:

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory suggests that people develop a sense of self by identifying with certain groups, and that this can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. In order to enhance their self-esteem and feel good about themselves, individuals may seek to raise the status of their in-group and denigrate out-groups, thus leading to racism and prejudice.

Question 5

The belief that prejudice is created by people's need to feel good about themselves is proposed by _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The belief that prejudice is created by...

Question 6

All of the following were mentioned as factors that increase the likelihood of a bystander helping EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Factors that increase the likelihood of a bystander helping include being in a good mood, having pre-existing guilt, and having seen a helpful role model. Personal distress, however, tends to decrease the likelihood of helping because it can lead to a focus on self rather than others.

Question 7

Bystanders are most likely to help individuals who are:

Accepted Answer

Bystanders are more likely to help individuals who they perceive as similar to themselves. This may be based on factors such as shared identity, interests, or values. When individuals see someone who is similar to themselves in distress, they are more likely to feel empathy and be compelled to help. This is known as the "similarity-attraction hypothesis."

Question 8

Sally is walking down the street when she comes upon a man who appears to be having a seizure.Approximately 15 other people stop as well and all appear genuinely concerned about the man's health and well-being.However,nobody calls for help because,like Sally,they all assume that someone else has already made a call to the paramedics.In this instance,the lack of help appears to be the product of:

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of responsibility occurs when individuals do not take action in a situation because they assume that someone else will take responsibility. In this scenario, Sally and the others assume that someone else has already called for help, leading to a lack of action.

Question 9

Social comparison can have the most negative impact on helping behaviour at which stage in the helping process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social comparison can have the most negative...

Question 10

A psychologist is discussing altruism and claims that the ability to put ourselves in the place of another and to share what that person is feeling is essential for altruism to occur.This explanation is most consistent with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The statement made by the psychologist suggests that the empathy-altruism hypothesis is the most consistent with their view on altruism. This hypothesis proposes that empathy is a necessary condition for altruistic behavior to occur.

Question 11

The negative-state relief model is most relevant to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The negative-state relief model suggests that people are motivated to engage in helping behavior in order to alleviate their own negative emotions. This idea is most relevant to altruism, as it explains why individuals may engage in selfless acts in order to feel better about themselves or alleviate their own feelings of guilt or sadness.

Question 12

The assumption that life is fair and that people get what they deserve and also deserve what they get is the ___________.

Accepted Answer

The assumption that life is fair and that people get what they deserve and also deserve what they get is the just world hypothesis.

Question 13

The norm of social responsibility,which asserts that people should help others and contribute to the welfare of society,was mentioned as one of the social /cultural factors that may or may not contribute to __________.

Accepted Answer

The norm of social responsibility encourages people to be altruistic and contribute to society, therefore it is likely to contribute to altruistic behavior.

Question 14

Which of the following is one of the two primary ways that the bystander effect can inhibit people from helping others?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of responsibility occurs when people feel less personally responsible for helping someone in need when there are other people present. This can lead to everyone assuming someone else will help, resulting in no one taking action. The other primary way the bystander effect can inhibit people from helping is social influence, in which people conform to the perceived norms of the group and do not want to stand out or be judged negatively for helping.

Question 15

Diffusion of responsibility is most likely to inhibit helping behaviour in which stage of bystander intervention?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to take responsibility for helping in the presence of others. This is most likely to occur in the second stage of bystander intervention, which is assuming responsibility for helping. In this stage, individuals may look to others to gauge the appropriate response and may fail to take action if no one else appears to be responding. However, if individuals are able to overcome diffusion of responsibility and take responsibility for helping, they are more likely to continue on to the later stages of bystander intervention, including deciding whether an event is an emergency and knowing how to help.

Question 16

A woman with negative attitudes towards Asians usually relates to Asian individuals in such a way that they alter their behaviour and ultimately confirm to the woman's initial beliefs.This example best demonstrates how stereotypes can be perpetuated by:

Accepted Answer

This example best demonstrates self-fulfilling prophecies, where the woman's negative beliefs about Asians influence her behaviour towards them, causing them to act in a way that confirms her beliefs, perpetuating the stereotype.

Question 17

Prejudicial attitudes create fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group members that they will confirm other people's negative attitudes.This is considered _________________.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the concept of stereotype threat, which outlines the fear and anxiety experienced by people from groups that are stereotyped. The anxiety is caused by the belief that the stereotype will be confirmed by one's behavior or performance, leading to further negative attitudes from others.

Question 18

The principal has just told Mrs.Snyder,a kindergarten teacher,that a new little girl will be joining her kindergarten class.The little girl is African-American and Mrs.Snyder believes that African-American children are not as bright as European-American children.Consequently,when speaking to the little girl,Mrs.Snyder speaks slower and tends not to explain answers to the little girls questions in as much detail as she does to other children.In fact,the little girl is very bright but in responding to Mrs.Snyder in the way Mrs.Snyder expects,the little girl's grades begin to slip downward.The little girl appears to have entered into a __________________.

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Snyder's beliefs and subsequent behavior towards the little girl constitute a self-fulfilling prophecy, in which her expectations of the little girl's academic abilities lead to the little girl's grades slipping as a result.

Question 19

Carl Word and his colleagues found that White university students who were assumed to already hold prejudiced attitudes sat further away,conducted briefer interviews,and made more speech errors when interviewing black students.Which of the following constructs most readily explains the results from this study?

Accepted Answer

This study demonstrates a self-fulfilling prophecy in action. The White students assumed that the Black students were not competent, which led to them conducting shorter interviews and making more speech errors. This in turn may have contributed to the Black students giving less impressive interviews, fulfilling the initial assumption held by the White students.

Question 20

The factor of perceived responsibility is most closely associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The just world hypothesis is associated with perceived responsibility, as it suggests that people believe individuals get what they deserve, leading to perceptions of responsibility for one's own circumstances.

Quiz 13: Behaviour in a Social Context