Question 1

Studies of hypnotic susceptibility suggest that:

Accepted Answer

Research shows that only about 10% of the population is highly hypnotizable, while the majority of people are moderately hypnotizable and some are not susceptible to hypnosis at all.

Question 2

In the brain,ecstasy primarily increases serotonin functioning,which:

Accepted Answer

Ecstasy primarily increases serotonin functioning, which can lift one's mood but may cause agitation due to overstimulation of serotonin receptors. Ecstasy can also have negative side effects such as dehydration, increased heart rate, and potential long-term damage to serotonin-producing neurons. It can also lead to a depressive crash after the drug wears off. While some users may experience positive feelings, the overall effects are not without risk or negative consequences.

Question 3

Marijuana works because it simulates:

Accepted Answer

Marijuana works by interacting with the cannabinoid receptors in our brain and body, which can have a variety of effects including altering mood, reducing anxiety, and stimulating appetite.

Question 4

The most widely used illicit drug in Canada is:

Accepted Answer

According to Statistics Canada, marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in Canada. In 2019, 15% of Canadians aged 15 and older reported using marijuana in the past three months, compared to 10% for cocaine, 4% for methamphetamine, and 2% for heroin. Although alcohol is a commonly-used substance in Canada, it is legal and not considered an illicit drug. LSD is a psychedelic drug that is not as widely used as marijuana or other illicit drugs.

Question 5

According to the text,the greatest danger of hallucinogens is that:

Accepted Answer

The text states that the greatest danger of hallucinogens is that "the mental effects of these drugs are unpredictable." This can lead to users experiencing negative and dangerous reactions, such as panic attacks or psychosis. While the other options mentioned may be risks associated with using hallucinogens, they are not emphasized as the greatest danger in the text.

Question 6

When meditation was studied by researchers using brain imaging,they found

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that meditation results in activation of the cingulate cortex and areas in the frontal lobe that seem specific to meditation. This suggests that meditation may have unique effects on the brain.

Question 7

If you were going to the hospital to have surgery and were told to expect a large amount of postoperative pain,which of the following would you be most interested in taking? A(n)

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are the body's natural pain relievers and agonists stimulate their production. Therefore, taking an endorphin agonist would be most effective in managing postoperative pain. Dopamine antagonists, glutamate agonists, and GABA antagonists do not have direct pain-relieving effects.

Question 8

The two primary effects of drugs called ____________ are to reduce pain and to induce euphoria.

Accepted Answer

Opiates are a class of drugs that primarily work as painkillers and can induce a feeling of euphoria or well-being. Stimulants increase activity in the central nervous system, hallucinogens alter perception and cognition, and endorphins are naturally occurring neurotransmitters that can reduce pain but are not drugs themselves.

Question 9

Opiates bind to and _____________ receptor sites that are usually activated by ___________.

Accepted Answer

Opiates bind to and activate receptor sites that are usually activated by endorphins.

Question 10

Cocaine and amphetamines are similar in that they both:

Accepted Answer

Both cocaine and amphetamines are classified as stimulants due to their ability to increase activity in the central nervous system and produce feelings of euphoria and heightened alertness. However, they differ in the specific ways they interact with neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which can lead to different patterns of use, tolerance, and withdrawal effects.

Question 11

Researchers have determined that mice can be bred to inherit a strong preference for drinking alcohol instead of water,indicating that __________ factors may play a significant role regarding the effect of this drug.

Accepted Answer

The fact that mice can be bred to inherit a preference for alcohol suggests that genetics may be a significant factor in addiction to this drug. While psychological, environmental, and behavioral factors may also play a role, the specific mention of genetic factors in this scenario suggests that this is the best choice.

Question 12

The state of heightened suggestibility in which some people experience imagined situations as if they were real is called _________.

Accepted Answer

The state of heightened suggestibility is a key characteristic of hypnosis. Option A refers to a type of cognitive processing, option C refers to a stage of sleep, and option D refers to vivid sensory experiences that can occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep.

Question 13

Hypnotic susceptibility is typically measured by:

Accepted Answer

Hypnotic susceptibility is typically measured by giving a standard list of suggestions to a person after a hypnotic induction. This is known as the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, which measures a person's ability to respond to hypnotic suggestions in a standardized way. This is considered the most reliable and valid method for measuring hypnotic susceptibility. Self-report questionnaires and direct questioning are not as reliable or valid, as people may overestimate their own hypnotic abilities or feel pressure to appear more suggestible than they actually are. There is no reliable way to observe brain activity during hypnosis to determine if someone is faking or not.

Question 14

A study conducted by Ikemi and Nakagawa (1962)found that when actually exposed to a toxic leaf that they were told was harmless,hypnotized participants responded with ___________ allergic reaction.Nonhypnotized participants who were also told that the leaf was harmless _____________ allergic reaction.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study conducted by Ikemi and Nakagawa...

Question 15

Children of alcoholic parents typically display faster hormonal and psychological reactions to alcohol.This most strongly suggests that _____________ factors have an impact on sensitivity to alcohol.

Accepted Answer

The fact that children of alcoholic parents display faster hormonal and psychological reactions to alcohol suggests that genetic factors have an impact on sensitivity to alcohol. This indicates that genetic factors play a role in influencing how people respond to alcohol and may play a significant role in the development of alcohol use disorders.

Question 16

After consuming a drug,Fred's sense of reality is significantly distorted.He starts to describe how he is hearing colours and tasting the shapes he sees around him.It is most likely that Fred consumed which of the following? A(n)

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described by Fred suggest that he consumed a hallucinogen. Hallucinogens are drugs that alter perception, thought, and mood, leading to significant distortions in reality, such as seeing or hearing things that are not actually present. Some common hallucinogens include LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.

Question 17

Martin Orne and Fredrick Evans (1965)found that hypnotized participants __________ be induced to dip their hand in what they thought was acid and then throw it in another person's face.However,nonhypnotized participants who were told to pretend they were hypnotized were ________ to engage in the same behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Orne and Evans found that both hypnotized participants and nonhypnotized participants who were pretending to be hypnotized could be induced to engage in the same behavior, indicating that the state of being hypnotized did not uniquely enable this behavior.

Question 18

Research on the effect of alcohol on judgment and decision making has revealed that sober and intoxicated participants hold _____________ toward driving drunk,but the attitudes of intoxicated participants become ___________ when a cue emphasizing the benefits of driving is made salient.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that both sober and intoxicated individuals generally share negative attitudes towards drunk driving. However, when intoxicated individuals are presented with a cue that highlights the benefits of driving (e.g., convenience), their negative attitudes towards drunk driving become less pronounced. This suggests that intoxication can impair judgment and make individuals more susceptible to cues that could lead them to underestimate the risks associated with drunk driving.

Question 19

Which of the following is LEAST illustrative of how environmental factors can affect people's reactions to drugs?

Accepted Answer

The placebo effect, where people behave "drunk" if they think they have consumed alcohol but haven't, is more about psychological expectations rather than environmental factors affecting drug reactions.

Question 20

Amphetamines are to dopamine as opiates are to:

Accepted Answer

Opiates bind to and activate the same receptors as endorphins, which are naturally occurring pain-relieving substances in the body. This leads to the release of dopamine, which is responsible for the pleasurable and addictive effects of opiates.

Quiz 6: States of Consciousness