Question 1

What major modification to behaviourism did Dollard and Miller propose in the 1940s and 1950s? Describe the social-learning theories that were in full bloom in the 1960s and the 1970s.What did Albert Bandura and his colleagues illustrate through their studies in which children watched films of an adult kicking,punching,and hammering on a big rubber doll?

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Question 2

Punishment occurs every day in families,schools,and workplaces.But often the intended results fail to occur.Explain,in detail,six reasons why punishment fails.When punishment must be used,what guidelines should be followed?

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Question 3

Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia effect" in order to develop humane ways of discouraging predators from preying on livestock.Explain this effect and then describe the classic study in which coyotes developed conditioned aversions to sheep.

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Question 4

When people try to use reinforcers to change behaviour,there are two complications that sometimes occur: misuse of rewards and rewards that backfire.Analyze each of these complications.Describe ways in which these complications may be avoided.

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Question 5

Sometimes a person learns to respond to a stimulus only when a discriminative stimulus is present.What does the discriminative stimulus signal? Illustrate the ways in which human behaviour is controlled by verbal discriminative stimuli.Illustrate the ways in which human behaviour is controlled by nonverbal discriminative stimuli.What role does this type of learning play in socialization?

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Question 6

Dr.Konstanza wants to train a rat to play basketball.She could wait until she was old and grey,however,before she could reinforce the rat for playing basketball! What conditioning procedure does Dr.Konstanza need to use? Outline,step by step,what she can do to meet her goal.

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Question 7

A problem for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy involves the nausea and/or vomiting that the treatment often produces.What role does generalization play in this problem? How has higher-order conditioning been illustrated?

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Question 8

A common error that people make is to reward on an intermittent basis the very responses that they would like to eliminate.Create an example that illustrates this type of error and that explains the consequences that could occur.

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Question 9

As a young doctoral student,Edward Thorndike set the stage for the emergence of operant conditioning.Describe the research that Thorndike conducted with cats in a puzzle box.How did the cats behave at first when they wanted to reach a scrap of fish that was just outside the box? What happened over time? What conclusions did Thorndike reach? Although B.F.Skinner expanded on Thorndike's principles,Skinner avoided some terminology because it implied assumptions that Skinner felt were inappropriate.What changes did Skinner make?

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Question 10

B.F.Skinner has been called one of the greatest of American psychologists.He also had been called one of the most misunderstood psychologists.Distinguish between the "man" and the "myth," supporting your statements with information from the textbook.

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Question 11

Many people have learned to dislike a food after eating it and falling ill.Psychologist Martin Seligman reported how he was conditioned to hate Béarnaise sauce.Explain how this conditioning took place.In what way does his experience illustrate the role that biological priming plays in this type of conditioning? What food do you dislike? Analyze whether your reaction to this food could have been formed through conditioning.

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Question 12

An ongoing,and emotional,debate centres around the question,"Does media violence make people behave more aggressively?" What have psychologists found when meta-analyses were performed on hundreds of experimental studies? What happens when children cut back on their time watching TV or playing video games? Why do some researchers say that the relationship between media violence and real violence is not strong enough to worry about? What conclusions about the correlation between media violence and violent behaviour have merit according to the social-cognitive view? How do these findings relate to the critical thinking guideline "Tolerate Uncertainty?"

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Question 13

In her 1924 article,"A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter," Mary Cover Jones reported the successful treatment of a three-year-old boy with a "home-grown" phobia of rabbits.Name the method that was used by Mary Cover Jones.Describe the principles of her technique.What steps needed to be taken to ensure that the fear of rabbits wouldn't be generalized to pleasant stimuli? What is the variation of her procedure that has been used to treat phobias in adults?

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Question 14

Deciding whether to provide continuous reinforcement,or one of the intermittent schedules of reinforcement,is an important issue in effective operant conditioning.If you want a response to persist after it has been learned,what schedule would best suit your needs? Paige wants to make sure that her roommate,Kelly,continues to keep clutter off Paige's desk now that Kelly has learned to keep it clutter-free.Describe a schedule of reinforcement that would be effective given Paige's goal.

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Question 15

Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats,charms,and rituals.Using these principles,explain how an athlete might show this type of attachment.How did Skinner demonstrate the phenomenon of superstitious behaviour with eight pigeons in his laboratory?

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Question 16

Describe the different types of reinforcers and punishers.Explain the role that negative reinforcement played in Little Albert's behaviour once he had acquired the fear of the white rat.What difficulties occur when an individual avoids a feared object or situation?

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Quiz 7: Learning and Conditioning