Question 1

Peter was a three-year-old who was deathly afraid of rabbits.In classical conditioning terms,rabbits had become a/an:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) with a neutral stimulus (NS) until the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the same response as the UCS. In this scenario, rabbits were originally a neutral stimulus to Peter, but they became associated with fear and fear response due to some prior negative experience. Therefore, in this scenario, rabbits have become a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits fear in Peter.

Question 2

When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant taste,they found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When researchers attempted to teach slugs to...

Question 3

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce,Martin fell ill with the flu.Classical conditioning occurred and Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimuli for nausea.The waiter,however,did not become a conditioned stimulus.According to the Garcia effect:

Accepted Answer

The Garcia effect refers to the tendency of humans to associate sickness with taste more readily than with sights or other stimuli, due to the evolutionary advantage of avoiding potentially harmful foods. Therefore, the fact that the Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimulus for nausea while the waiter did not supports choice A.

Question 4

When undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer,patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the unconditioned response is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer,patients may...

Question 5

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias.This variation is called:

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a variation of counterconditioning that is commonly used to treat adult phobias. It involves slowly exposing the person to the feared object or situation while they remain relaxed, to gradually lessen their fear response. This technique has been found to be effective for a range of phobias, from fear of flying to fear of public speaking.

Question 6

Aiden is afraid of the bath,and so his father puts two inches of water in the tub and gives Aiden a popsicle to eat while he washes Aiden's back.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of counterconditioning because the father is attempting to change Aiden's negative association with the bath by pairing it with a positive stimulus (eating a popsicle). Through repeated exposure to this pairing, Aiden may begin to feel less afraid of the bath.

Question 7

In the late 1800s,G.Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger.One case involved a three-year-old girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum.Evidently,the child:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the late 1800s,G.Stanley Hall conducted a...

Question 8

Which of the following would NOT be a conditioned stimulus that would reduce a cancer patient's pain through the placebo effect?

Accepted Answer

The placebo effect is based on the power of suggestion and conditioning, so anything associated with the treatment that has been repeatedly paired with pain relief (e.g. the bottle, injections, doctor's coat) could potentially serve as a conditioned stimulus that reduces pain. The active ingredients in the pills, however, are not a conditioned stimulus but a real physical treatment that could address the pain directly, so they would not be considered part of the placebo effect.

Question 9

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce,Martin fell ill with the flu.Classical conditioning occurred,and ________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurred when Martin fell ill after eating filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce. Therefore, Béarnaise sauce became a conditioned stimulus for his nausea.

Question 10

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.This noise served as the ________ in their study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Watson and Rayner made a loud noise...

Question 11

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear to a rat,Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.They were studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. In this case, Watson and Rayner wanted to see if Little Albert's fear of the rat would generalize to other similar objects like a white rabbit, cotton wool, or a Santa Claus mask.

Question 12

Patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the unconditioned stimulus is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patients may generalize the nausea caused by...

Question 13

Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the conditioned stimulus is:

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, the place where therapy takes place becomes the conditioned stimulus because it is associated with the nausea caused by chemotherapy which was an unconditioned stimulus. When the association is formed, the individual may experience nausea even before the chemotherapy is administered, merely by entering the treatment area.

Question 14

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and then watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting.Then they offered a live white rat and struck the bar.Albert began to whimper,tremble,and fall over and cry.When the rat was later offered alone,Albert reacted with fear.The fear of the rat served as the ________ in their study.

Accepted Answer

The fear response to the rat was not naturally occurring or unlearned, but rather resulted from pairing the rat with the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) until Albert learned to associate the rat with fear. Therefore, the fear of the rat serves as the conditioned response in Watson and Rayner's study.

Question 15

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

Accepted Answer

The "Garcia effect" describes how animals (including humans) can develop conditioned taste aversions after just one pairing of a particular food with illness, even if the illness occurs hours later. This is a unique aspect of classical conditioning and has been observed across many different species.

Question 16

The "dessert tray" phenomenon" refers to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The "dessert tray" phenomenon" refers to:
...

Question 17

When their cancer is treated through chemotherapy,individuals may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the conditioned response is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When their cancer is treated through chemotherapy,individuals...

Question 18

John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the ________ in their study.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. The unconditioned response (UCR) is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the UCS. In the case of Little Albert, the loud noise behind his head was the UCS, and his fear and startle response were the UCRs.

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with the UCS, eventually triggers the same response as the UCS. In this experiment, the white rat was the neutral stimulus that was repeatedly paired with the loud noise until it began to elicit fear and a startle response from Little Albert. Therefore, the white rat was the CS.

The counterconditioning stimulus refers to a stimulus that is presented with the goal of reducing or eliminating a previously conditioned response. In this experiment, there was no counterconditioning stimulus presented.

The discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement. It is not relevant to this experiment.

Question 19

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting.Albert's reaction of fear when he heard the noise served as the ________ in their study.

Accepted Answer